Internet and Everyday Life

Introduction The Internet, otherwise referred to as the cyberspace, stands out as the most welcomed technological advancement ever to happen. Virtually every person uses it either directly or indirectly. As a result, it has become popular and a key driver of economic systems in the world mainly through globalization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Heilbroner and Bottke (2007, p.67), â€Å"An economic system is an organized way that a state allocates various resources apportioning services and goods in the state’s community†. Thus, an economic system comprises of institutions, people, relationships and rules that govern how each carries out economic practices. The main objective of an efficient economic system is to provide liberty, equality, efficiency and liberty (Conklin, 1992, p.1). In the new economic system, everyone has many opportunities of becoming a budding entrepreneur. The only requirements are for one to embrace technology, become innovative and manifest a fair deal of determination. The world has experienced unprecedented adoption of Internet into economic systems for the past few decades (Boyle, 2003, p.39). The Internet has enabled the achievement of new and more egalitarian economic systems thus providing many opportunities to the current generation that make it independent, happy, and wealthy. Supporters of this technology claim that, the Internet provides equality that results into a more democratic society (Cooke, 2002, p. 208). While many new things have come based on the advent of the Internet, the paper provides a critical analysis of how the Internet has brought forth the aforementioned new and more egalitarian economic systems. Internet and the Egalitarian economic System The Internet has uniquely influenced religion, politics, and economy by providing distinct benefits in everyda y activities. During the technological revolution, the global music industry experienced losses. However, it has now recovered. In fact, it is reaping huge returns from the Internet (Marshall Fiore, 1994, p. 26).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the Internet has resulted into the emergence of innovative economy, coupled with a shift of power to individuals. In addition, utilization of the Internet represents an effective medium of political activism communication, particularly media control by states, which has resulted to an increase in citizen journalism (Goldsmith Tim, 2006, p, 82). Moreover, through Internet, dissemination and sharing of religious beliefs and messages is fast and effective. Thus, the Internet aids in shaping the unique construction of people’s identity, community, economy, and power in remarkable manners. Internet has provided a rev olution on how people, from all walks of life, work and live. Around the globe, innovative and motivated people have realized that the primitive ways of relaying on traditional economic systems to make a good living is unrealistic and are now living outside the cubicle by using Internet to find more secure, profitable, rewarding, and flexible opportunities. Different researches have contextualized diverse roles played by the Internet in bringing about new developments in the economy, which provide remarkable benefits to the world’s population and governments by advocating equal opportunities for all. The major economic benefits obtained from this technology revolve around democracy, identity, and empowerment (Mansell, 2004, p, 74). The Internet has changed the way people carry out economic activities. Different economic activities have emerged replacing the old practices thereby improving efficiency. As Graeme (1999, p.164) posits, â€Å"The new, egalitarian economic systems are not dominated by few, giant structures†¦they are fluid networks of smaller, efficient, and independent units†. This follows because the Internet has provided equal opportunities for all entrepreneurs to venture into the businesses of their choice. Millions of business opportunities traditionally considered as out of reach for small businesses are now easier to operate thanks to various services made available by the Internet. For businesses to succeed in the old economic systems, every person worked in big and integrated corporations, as businesses required massive investments in terms of capital and the economies of scale (Humphreys, 2008, p.167). However, the Internet has changed all these. Businesses are no longer required to perform their functions in-house and or directly hire all the required resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Businesses now utilize outsourcing services because Internet technology has made it possible to get business work done anywhere and at anytime (Chan Lau, 2006, p, 361). This comes in handy in information businesses such as media, financial, entertainment, and education where there is no production of physical commodities (Froomkin, 2000, p. 1508). Internet has provided stiff competition in business, thus, ensuring that one gets high quality services, which commensurate with the amount paid. In the recent past, people communicated manually using messengers, traditional gadgets and letters, to state but a few. However, with the advent of Internet, communication sector has had a tremendous boost. Benefits in the communication sector The quality of communication among community members has increased at a tremendous rate thanks to the Internet. Factors such as low connection costs, low entry barriers, high speeds, and distance elimination have resulted into enormous adoption of dive rse technologies in communication (Leeder, 2007.p. 23). Various technological discourses encouraging adoption of communication technology has centered on the potential of economic systems to accelerate efforts of national development, opening up various free public spheres and equal democratic discourse, and bring about effective changes in socio-cultural aspects (Laura, 2008, p.16). On the other hand, religious devotions have improved through effective communication, which include music, words, and symbols. Consequently, different religious organizations utilize online religious messages and teachings. For instance, the Vatican uses Internet to disseminate church messages to its global members, as it views this technology as a marvelous invention and very fast communication medium (Foley, 2002, p.4). The Internet portrays different religious ideas and messages, which inspire millions of people all over the globe. Through the Internet, people stand a chance to tackle challenges such as poor communication, delayed payment, group discussions by people in different countries, amongst others in an amicable manner (Carolyn, 1998, p, 201). In turn, this has resulted to the satisfaction of all stakeholders. Further, Internet has a fair share of applications in the economic sector.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic benefits The Internet has improved the society’s economy by providing effective medium of society construction in terms of economic and social welfare. The implications of the Internet to the global economic systems are myriad. The adoption of Internet into a platform of mass-market has influenced how businesspersons interact with each other (Hongladarom, 2002, p.244). These economic states are creating many success stories every day, as they provide enormous opportunities, which are more rewarding and less strenuous. The Internet has provided enormous change in the economy in both developed and developing countries all over the world. Huff (2001, p.44) reckons that, â€Å"The presence of Internet in developing countries has provided a great transformation in commerce, and has a significant impact on governments’ conduct and development of economic affairs†. Apparently, the optimism expressed echoes the prevalent image portraying Internet as an empoweri ng and egalitarian medium. The new, egalitarian economic systems are unique, as the biggest domination comes from millions of small business instead of mega corporations. For instance, an image created by Shepard Fairey, a street artist in Los angles became ubiquitous and was spread all over the globe as it presented â€Å"hope† in 2008, during presidential campaigns for Barrack Obama (Behrens, 2010, p.74). This presented huge business venture for a single street artist. Despite the fact that the Internet presents a huge challenge to many people who lack knowledge on its uses, it has tremendous rewards to those who adopt it and make it a paramount tool in managing their economic endeavors. The information provided by the Internet is vital to the success of many entrepreneurs who seize these opportunities and make a great fortune out of them. Through the Internet, people from all over the world can involve in diverse economic activities especially thorough utilization of e-bus iness and e-payments platforms (Murray, 2006, p.41). These services provide equal opportunities to all individuals who want to venture in various economic states all over the globe. Many changes in business operations are occurring because of Internet. Politicians have benefited much based on the availability of the Internet, as they stand a chance, not only to carry out political activities, but also to share their political views with others. Political benefits The political arena has undergone many remarkable changes due to the utilization of Internet. Since 1990s, the Internet has had strong connections with emerging genres of the political activism (Flew, 2002, p 38). Internet provides pragmatic approaches of handling various challenges faced by the political systems in the world. Morris (1999, p. 29) reckons that, Internet democracy has ignored national borders and paved effective ways of personal expression. Internet has diverse unique qualities that makes its presences in th e global politics more profound and have many implications. The first quality is the Internet ability to mobilize users especially those who were not involved in politics thus increasing political activities in the world. Using distinct means, Internet mobilizes people through distribution of vital â€Å"information to all corners of the world† (Campbell, 2009, p.23). For instance, 2008 presidential campaigns in the United States utilized Internet to reach millions of citizens situated all over the world. Internet has great influence on the masses, as they stand a chance to share information easily across the globe, especially through social sites such as facebook. Another quality is the Internet ability to provide quick, high quality, and large quantity information concerning various political activities and ideologies. The Internet also provides unbiased information on available political opportunities to everyone who accesses the online services. Moreover, the ability of t he Internet to shrink distances existing between users has brought into existence new and more egalitarian political systems. Internet has rendered convectional physical distance or geography irreverent by making communication between users fast and efficient (Antulio, 2008, p. 76). This has improved political identity and power of individuals all over the world. Benefits in the music industry The music industry globalization has increased the potential of this industry largely. This globalization has increased political, economic, social, and cultural connections (Flichy, 2008, p.57). Significant changes are evident in the music industry due to music digitization and Internet development. Easy online access to music has enabled worldwide distribution of all music genres rendering intermediaries unnecessary (Shuker, 1998, p.23). There are a few challenges to this technology. As Andrew (2007, p.17) reckons, â€Å"colonization of cultural identity and public space by the multi-nation al music corporations exists, which diminishes the power of small corporations in the same industry†. However, the power of the music industry on the sharing and dissemination of talent in music has changed to record labels and independent voices of the artists. For instance, social networking sites such as MySpace and YouTube have undergone expansion illustrating paradigm shift from first media age to the second media age (Cavelty, 2008, p.68). This has made international distribution of different genres of music such as rap and hip-hop fast and effective. Conclusion Based on the expositions made in the paper, it suffices to declare Internet the backbone of every activity that is currently taking place around the globe, be it business, communication and or politics. The Internet has many benefits to everyday activities, as confirmed in the paper. For individuals who are innovative, striving to create their own niches, Internet provides endless opportunity for them to market t heir ideas as well as receiving clients from all over the globe. Through Internet, it takes few seconds for information or an advertisement to reach every part of the world. Thus, it is imperative to adopt this technology to reap maximum benefits it offers. Therefore, if the internet were to be put aside, the world would be in darkness with everything at a standstill. Reference List Andrew, M. (2007).The Regulation of Cyberspace: Control in the Online Environment. New York: Routledge. Antulio, E. (2008). Wars of Ideas and the War of Ideas. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. Behrens, H. (2010). Globalization vibrates the 21st century. Lithaus, Berlin: Lithaus Uni- Edition. Boyle, J. (2003). The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain. Law and Contemporary Problems, 66(33): 33–75. Campbell, D. (2009). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Carolyn, M. (1998). Wh en Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. Cavelty, M. (2008).Power and Security in the Information Age: Investigating the Role of the State in Cyberspace. London: Ashgate. Chan, K., Lau, T. (2006) â€Å"Are Small Business Owner/Managers Really Entrepreneurial?† Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 5(4), 359-367 Conklin. W. (1991). Comparative Economic Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cooke, P. (2002) Surfing for Eastern Difference: Ost-algie, Identity and Cyberspace. Canadian Journal of Germanic Studies, 40(3), 202–221. Flew, T. (2002). New Media – An Introduction. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Flichy, P. (2007). Internet Imaginaire. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Foley, J. (2002). Pontifical Council for Social Communications – The Church and the Internet. Web. Froomkin, M. (2000). The Death of Privacy? Stanford Law Review 52 (2000): 1461 - 1543. Goldsmith, J., Tim, W. (2006). Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World. New York: Oxford University Press. Graeme S. (1999). Global Transition: A General Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Heilbroner, L., Boettke, P. (2007). Economic Systems. The New Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 34(17), 908–15. Hongladarom, S. (2002). The Web of Time and the Dilemma of Globalization. The Information Society, 18(4), 241 – 249. Humphreys, S. (2008). Ruling the Virtual World: Governance in Massively Multiplayer Online Games. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 11(2): 149–171 Laura, S. (2008).Speech without Rights: The Status of Public Space on the Internet. The Communication Review, 11(2): 1–23. Leeder, Kim. (2007) Technology and Communication in the Environmental Movement.  Electronic Green Journal, 1(25): 19–26. Mansell, R. (2004). Political Economy, Power and New Media. New Media Society, 6(1), 96-105. Marshall, M., Fiore, Q. (1 994). War and Peace in the Global Village. New York: Simon Schuster, Inc. Morris, D. (1999).Vote.com. Los Angeles, California: Renaissance Books. Murray, W. (2006). Geographies of Globalization. New York: Routledge. Shuker, R. (1998). Popular Music – The Key Concepts. USA and Canada, New York: Routledge. This essay on Internet and Everyday Life was written and submitted by user Stella Horne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

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Introduction Globalization And Expatriation Management Essay

Introduction Globalization And Expatriation Management Essay Literature review is a summary of past paper that conducted by the previous researchers and explanation about the terms involve during this study. It aims on the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. This chapter is important because it can be a guideline on how the study can be done. Simon Reich states that, globalization constitutes a multiplicity of linkages and interconnections that transcend the nation states (and by implication the societies) which make up the modern world system. It defines a process through which events, decisions and activities in one part of the world can come to have a significant consequence for individuals and communities in quite distant parts of the globe. According Laurence E. Rothenberg, globalization is the acceleration and intensification of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations. 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Defined broadly, globalization is the process of integrating nations and peoples-politically, economically, and culturally-into a larger community (Gale Encyclopedia of US Foreign Policy). With business becoming increasingly global, employees with international experience have become an increasing important issue for multinational corporations (Hyder and LÃ ¶ vblad, 2007). We live in a world in which barriers to cross border trade and investment are declining. Transportation and telecommunication technologies are constantly making the world feel smaller. Material culture seems similar the world over; and national economies are merging into an interdependent, integrated and global economic system. Globalization is the reason for this incredible shift (Hills, 2007). It is a process that describes the integration of the world community into a common social or economic community. In laymans terms, globalization means the free flow of goods and services across borders (Joanne Claire Miranda, 2009). Globalization has resulted not just in goods and services travelling across borders. It has also resulted in people moving across borders for better employment opportunities and thus better wages (Joanne Claire Miranda, 2009). Due to that, it gives positive and negative effects. Positively, people move easily to benefit from their skills and experience. Firms are able to enter new market. Negatively, however, as firms enter these new industries or markets, they lack the skills and expertise required for that industry and they face not only the challenge of sourcing for the right candidate but also there is no guarantee that there would be continuity of service by the skilled staff. The right candidate should be able to work in the present environment as well as be able to teach the team members. 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They were found in private sector and big organizations such as Shell, ICI, Dunlop, Guthries, Harrison and Crosfield and British Petroleum. Other than that, in the government sector, the expatriates are mainly posted as advisors, diplomats, academics and technical specialists. The second phase of expatriates came from United States of America and other European countries whom were assigned in large multinationals such as, Phillips, Siemens, Volvo, Nestle and Esso. Finally, the third wave of expatriates came to Malaysia which were mainly represented by the Asian group of managers mainly from Japan, Taiwan and Korea along with some other European and American expatriates. This third wave resulted from the Look East policy by the Government in 1980s as well as due to closer relations with Austra lia and the Newly Industrialized Countries in Asia specifically, along with the high growth of electronics industry in Malaysia. (Aida and Maimunah, 2000) 2.2 Expatriation Cycle 2.1.1 Pre-departure The pre-departure phase involved effective selection and preparation of expatriate. Most often expatriates are selected from within the corporation. The rationale is that current managers possess the technical expertise and they are more in sync with the companys culture. (Maali H. Ashamalla, 1998) According to Luftans and Doh, making an effective selection decision for an overseas assignment can prove to be a major problem. Typically, this decision is based on international selection criteria which are factors used to choose international characters. Those criteria are:- a) Adaptability to cultural change Overseas managers must be able to adapt to change. They also need the degree of cultural toughness. Research shows that many managers exhilarated at the beginning of their assignment. After a few months, however, a form of culture shock creeps in. b) Physical and emotional health Most organizations require that their overseas managers have good physical and emotional health. The psychological ability of individuals to with-stand culture shock also would be considered as would the current marital status as it affects the individuals ability to cope in a foreign environment. c) Age, experience and education There is evidence that younger managers are more eager for international assignments because they tend to be more worldly and have a greater appreciation of other cultures than older managers do. On top of that, many companies consider an academic degree, preferably a graduate degree to be of critical importance to an international executive. d) Language training Language can be a very critical factor and international experts have referred to it as a most effective indirect method of learning about a country. e) Motivation for foreign assignment Although individuals being sent overseas should have a desire to work abroad, this is usually is not sufficient motivation. Experts believe that candidate also must believe in the importance of the job. Other than that, applicants who are unhappy with their current situation, desire for adventure or a pioneering spirit, desire to increase ones chance for promotion and the opportunity to improve ones economic status are also viewed as great motivators. f) Spouses and dependents or work-family issues Experts believe that if the family is not happy, the manager often performs poorly and may either be terminated or simply decide to leave the organization. However, according to Maali H, Ashamalia, qualities that are looked for are:- a) Cultural empathy The ability to appreciate and respect beliefs, values, behaviors and business practices of individuals and groups from other culture. b) Awareness of environment constraint In a foreign country, an expatriate is faced with unfamiliar sets of environmental forces that can be very different from those of the home country. Ability to identify forces and function within their constraints becomes instrumental to the expatriates for effective decision making. c) Interpersonal skills These skills involve effective verbal and non-verbal communications, the capacity to build trust and the ability to utilize referent power in managing within a foreign environment. It also involved the understanding of differences in value orientations such as in the power distance orientation identified by Hofstede. d) Managerial and Decision Making abilities It is highly required particularly when a manager is operating under conditions of isolation or physical distances from the centre of decision making in the home office. These competencies are also necessary in situations where expatriates have full autonomy in their foreign positions. e) Other crucial qualities Foreign language proficiency, flexibility, adaptability, entrepreneurship, self-motivation, tolerance for ambiguity, and sensitivity to world events and their impact on long-range perspectives of the business are considered as crucial qualities for expatriates selection. Other than that, Ashamalla also argued that a rigorous selection program should also include the utilization of appropriate selection devices, consideration of the candidates self-evaluation, time devoted for the selection process where it must be adequate and strategic evaluation of the overseas operations on a frequent basis. The selection plan should also include the expatriate family. In addition, intensity of intercultural relation, pre-departure preparation, cultural training, multicultural personality, and technical competent and socio cultural knowledge is vital in order to determine expatriate, spouse and family adjustment effectiveness (Awang-Rozaimie, 2011) 2.1.2 During Assignment Support during the assignment is believed to be essential for moral and psychological sustenance as well as for performance effectiveness of international managers. Superiors and HR professionals in the home office need to give adequate consideration to the importance of keeping in close touch with their expatriates and providing them and their families with the needed support. A major source of concern for the manager while abroad is the loss of visibility to those in the home office. Sense of isolation from the domestic realities of the firm and feelings of being away for the corporate centers of the power are other sources of concern for managers while on overseas assignments. During assignment, support may involve a wide range of formal and informal activities. (Maali H. Ashamalla, 1998) On the other hands, the Brookfields Global Relocation Trends Survey 2010 indicated that, six percent of international assignments fail. Therefore, it is essential for expatriates to understand specific psychological traits of Malaysian that contributed to their business performance. Primarily, cultural competency support expatriates psychological well-being and socio cultural adaptabilities (Awang- Rozaimie, 2011) However, adapting to the new environment takes several months. A model developed by Oberg (1960) describes expatriate adaptation as a four-phases process. These phases are honeymoon, culture shock, recovery and adjustment. Going through these phases in the long run results into successful adaptation in the new environment (Teodora G. Nikolaeva, 2010) Table 1: Obergs phases of adaptation a) Honeymoon The first phase of this process is the so called honeymoon phase (Oberg, 1960). This stage usually lasts from several days to several weeks and is characterized by the positive attitude of the expatriates about the host country, its culture and everything new they are meeting. In this stage the employees feel more like tourists than expatriates. They are excited by the new and are really enthusiastic about their job. The expatriates are intrigued and curious about everything that is different from what they are used to and at the same time amazed by cultural similarities. All of this is a result of the pleasant conditions the expatriates are offered upon their arrival. They stay in luxurious hotels where they communicate with compatriots or natives who speak their language or perhaps they have even been appointed a translator; They are busy with being shown the sights of the town, finding an accommodation, school for the children if they are accompanied by their families, and depending on the significance of the international assignment they can e ven be giving press interviews (Oberg, 1960). b) Culture Shock As previously mentioned the honeymoon stage lasts from several days to several weeks. After this period is over, the expatriates get hit by the new culture and everything they have found amusing until now starts being irritating which results in culture shock (Oberg 1960). Oberg (1960) defines this phenomenon as the occupational disease the expatriates experience because of the constant interaction with the new environment and the different situations the host country offers: Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. Now these cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness. All expatriates can be affected by culture shock, but the degree to which they suffer depends from the host country and its specific cultural characteristics, the personality of the employees and how effective they are in doing their job, their attitude towards the people from the host country and vice versa, and the significance of the international assignment Depending on these factors, culture shock can result into confusion about ones actions, anxiety, frustration, exhilaration, actions that do not suit the norms of behavior, inability to do ones job and thus not being able to sign an important deal, isolation and depression (Teodora G. Nikolaeva, 2010). c) Recovery In the recovery stage the individuals start dealing with their emotions and create a positive attitude towards the surrounding people and environment of the host country (Oberg 1960). As previously mentioned, learning the language is a beneficial factor in understanding the foreign culture. If the expatriates have gained some knowledge of the language, they are able to communicate with their colleagues and instead of criticizing them they start making jokes of them and even start being sarcastic about their dire straits. In addition to that, the employees accept that they have some problems and start asking for help from their coworkers and gradually reaching the last phase of their adaptation (Oberg 1960). d) Adjustment The final phase of the adaptation model is adjustment. At this point all the six aspects of the culture shock are gone and the expatriates are able to perform their job in the most effective way. This is due to the fact that they start accepting and adapting to the new environment. The food, the drinks, the people and the customs that used to be perceived as foreign are now seen as delightful and enjoyable; The individuals become so accustomed to the country and the people so when the assignment is over and they return home, they start missing all that which at some point of their stay was irritating and even disgusting (Oberg, 1960). 2.1.3 Repatriation Luftans and Doh defined repatriation as the return to ones home country from an overseas management assignment. The most common reason for expatriation is that the duty is over. However, other reasons might be expatriates want their children educated in a home-country school, they are not happy with their overseas assignment and failure to do a good job. Ashamalla argued that there is evidence that indicate repatriation is not simple and that a repatriate manager may experience professional as well as personal re-entry problems. 2.3 Factors contribute to challenges faced by expatriates There are many factors that could be the reason of the challenges faced by the expatriate. These factors are realized through the flow of expatriation cycle. 2.3.1 Selection does not based on IHRM guidelines. According to Bonache, Brewster and Suutari, decisions on expatriate selection are usually made in a less than organized and coherent manner, and often take by line managers who simply ignore the laid-down criteria espoused by the HR department. They prefer to draw from a restricted pool of candidates about whom they feel confident; often people like themselves or those among that group who are readily available or have shown some interest in an international element to their career. 2.3.2 Accepting international assignment for the wrong reasons. Some expatriates were thinking of moving abroad in an effort to leave behind the accumulation of frustration, misery or boredom in the current life. Others might accept the international assignment due to their own expectation and assumption based on the experience they had when visiting to that country for a holiday. Due to that, they will face difficulties when reality or the situation does not meet their expectation. 2.3.3 Inability to adapt Cultural surprises, shock, discomfort, difficulties, stress and incompetence occurred due to inconsistent expectation and inability to acquire appropriate cultural knowledge and skills of host culture. Incompetence or disability of expatriates to adapt and adjust their cultural mindset caused early return, incomplete assignment goal and put additional cost to organization for replacement of new personnel. 2.3.4 Family issues It is generally the trailing spouse who suffers the greatest culture shock in the new country. The result can be an unhappy spouse who does her best to impair the performance of the expatriate manager. Most expatriate managers are challenged and excited to be in their new postings. They need to spend a lot of time at work since they are under pressure to adapt to the new culture and their overall responsibilities are often larger than they have experienced before. As a result, the wives of expatriates spend a lot of time by themselves and are cut-off from their own family and friends. At the same time, the wife is usually dealing with problems for which she has no previous experience. Therefore, the challenges expatriates faced during expatriation could be precipitate from the pressure from home 2.3.5 The location of the assignment The location of the international assignment can determine the challenges faced by expatriate. Commonly, expatriates come from well developed countries; due to globalization and the demand of global market, developing countries, mostly from South East Asia, have a high demand for expatriate. The differences between the culture of the expatriates home country and expatriation location will present cross cultural challenges to expatriates. 2.4 Challenges Commonly Faced by Expatriates Pre Departure 2.4.1 Preparation for departure doesnt seem enough. Due to the fact that management chose the candidate for expatriation based on their preference with disregard of IHRM guidelines, it does not only affect the staff but the family member as well. Firstly, the spouse usually questions whether the decision to move abroad is really the best decision for them. On Assignment 2.4.2 Communication and language barriers They are expected to master the local language and culture, especially because more and more local workers may have the competitive advantage of local knowledge and connections, as well as strong English skills acquired while studying abroad. Other than that, expatriate faced difficulty in communication within the first few weeks and to some, it took several months to adjust. 2.4.3 Adjusting to the local working culture Every country has different working culture. Therefore, expatriates might find it challenging to understand how things work in the office in a manner where they are trying to understand the administrative and bureaucratic arrangements. Most of the expatriates came from highly industrialized nations whereby people are used to living in the fast lane and having more established and efficient services. Since the previous working trend differs from the working style they are currently in, it posed as a challenge for most expatriates. 2.4.4 High level of bureaucracy People at the high management level of their hierarchical positions acquire strong control over the issues at the workplace. Therefore, it affects the flow of work among the locals and the expatriates. Decision making processes and duration of task completion took longer than expected. This was a challenge that expatriates encountered which required some skills of cross cultural negotiations to adjust and to overcome any related problems arise. Generally, the locals working habit seemed to collide with the expatriates working habits. Since most of expatriates were come from well-developed nation, their working pace is faster and planning becomes more efficient. Thus, when the new environment is working in much slower pace, it could become a conflict between the expatriates and locals. 2.4.5 Adaptability to new environment Expatriates and family often find it challenging to adjust with the routines. Trailing spouse might have problem in term of creating a home in rented accommodation with limited personal belongings and often find herself home alone whilst the partner departs on the business trip in as many weeks. This will cause the exhaustion the working partner as they try to balance work and home demands. The challenge of creating a meaningful life for the non-working partner which often involves overcoming a sense of having lost all personal identity which comes with losing the normal social, familial and work based cues. This will lead to homesickness and loneliness where they may long for the familiar and comfortable. Other than that, the children might have problem adjusting with school environment and new education system. Beside individual struggle, parental challenge such as providing a stable home environment for children, finding appropriate healthcare when it is needed and finding the app ropriate and suitable school for children are occurring as well. Repatriation 2.4.6 Lack of value placed on their international experiences. It appears that many global firms do not assign much value to the international experience. Therefore, expatriates expectation to career advancement are not usually realized. Many Western countries are placing increasing emphasis on standards and qualifications, credentials, and professionalization of careers. Individuals who have been working abroad may find themselves left behind and no longer even qualified for the level of work they had done prior to departure. 2.4.7 Re-establishing a professional network can also be challenging. Due to inadequate communication during the overseas assignment, an expatriate loses touch with changes that take place in the corporation. An expatriate might return to find that the company has changed beyond recognition and this will lead to career disaster. Even those professional colleagues who stayed in touch through an expatriates years abroad, may not feel comfortable speaking to the repatriates level of qualifications, especially if they havent formed a clear picture of the day- to-day responsibilities handled in the international workplace. 2.4.8 The expatriate and family members may also experience reverse culture shock. Many repatriates are not prepared for the culture shock that they experience upon returning home. Although culture shock is a challenge anticipated by most immigrants and expatriates as they prepare to move abroad, it can catch repatriates off guard. Many have struggled with adjusting to the weather, food, lifestyle, and even basic domestic chores and driving; especially if returning from a country where the norm was to hire domestic help. Repatriates may also find local biases offensive, particularly if targeted at a culture or group with which they have become quite familiar and which they have grown to appreciate.

A Short Site Stop :: Halloween Internet Computers Technology Essays

A Site for Mindless Fun Entering the world of the World Wide Web can be an intimidating project to undertake. For those who are not extremely computer savvy this task may seem impossible and many may be scared off by the many options the Internet offers. For someone who intends to surf the Internet to browse the many wonders it presents the Website titled Halloween.com may be a good choice for the casual viewer. Yet, if one is looking for a very informative straightforward website with strictly facts and no fabrication this may be a website one should just pass right by. Halloween.com is lacking some information that may be useful for someone doing research on that topic. Therefore it my be a good idea not to waste one’s time browsing the article presented on this website. The reason being it offers no information on any of the authors who have written the articles leaving no indication on the qualifications of the writers. So with this in mind the information contained in the article should be taken with a grain of salt. In addition, there are also no dates given as to when the essays were published leaving the reader to wonder about the validity of the content. But, some valuable information that is present on the homepage of the website is that of when the site was last updated. This is an important fact to look at because the site was just recently updated so it shows that at least the site is not out of date. The essays the website contains seem to be that of opinion only with no sources cited to back up the information describ ed. So with no sources and no legitimate author it is hard to accept that these essays are credible, although Halloween is a subject where many may have a innate general knowledge. With all this in mind a defense for the website is a variety of subjects are covered about Halloween and for an entertainment purpose only the website could be considered useful. One benefit this site does contain is for the novice browser this Website is user friendly. The information is represented in such a way that it provides easy navigation to the topic of one’s choice.

Heart Failure Essay

Heart Failure The heart is one of the body’s most vital organ. The heart pumps blood throughout the body which carries nutrients other organs need. It also carries oxygenated blood to the lungs which allows us to breathe. Since the heart is so important, relying on it that it will do its job is necessary so we can live, but sometimes the heart can fail. Heart failure is a syndrome that occurs when the heart can not pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs. This paper will discuss what heart failure is, the signs and symptoms, and lastly the treatment and prevention of heart failure. Heart failure is usually classified according to the side of the heart that is affected. Either â€Å" left or right side, or by the cardiac cycle involved† (Lippincott Wilkins & Williams, 2011). Left sided heart failure occurs when there is ineffective function of the left ventricular contractile. As the pumping of the left ventricle fails, cardiac output also fails. The blood that is suppose to go to the body is no longer being pumped out, thus backing up into the left atrium and the the lungs, causing â€Å"pulmonary congestion, dyspnea, and activity intolerance† ( Lippincott Wilkins & Williams, 2011). Right sided heart failure results from ineffective right ventricular contractile function. Blood is not being pumped effectively through the right ventricle to the lungs, causing blood to back up into the right atrium and the peripheral circulation. When this happens, the patient gains weight and develops peripheral edema and engorgement of the kidney and other organs. Heart failure not only effects the heart but also other systems in the body. The cardiovascular system is affected by the heart not being able to pump blood throughout the body. Also, as the blood backs up into the left atrium, blood backs up into the lungs causing pulmonary congestion which affects the respiratory system. When blood backs up into  the right atrium, the kidneys become engorged which cause problems with the renal system. There are different signs and symptoms for heart failure. People with heart failure can develop shortness of breath, also called dyspnea, caused when the blood is backed up in the pulmonary veins. The patient will feel breathlessness during activity or while sleeping. Another sign and symptom is persistent coughing or wheezing, caused when fluid is being backed up in the lungs. The patient will cough up pink or blood stained mucus. Another sign and symptom is build up of excess fluid in body tissues, also called edema, and is caused when blood flow out of the heart slows down, the blood returning to the heart through the veins backs up, causing fluid to build up in the tissues. Patient can also develop swelling in the feet, ankles, legs or abdomen, or weight gain. A patient with heart failure may also feel tired and develop fatigue caused by the heart not pumping enough to meet the body’s needs. They also might develop digestive problems causing loss of appetite and nausea. Th is is a result of the digestive system not receiving enough blood causing digestive problems. ( Chen, 2013) If a patient has been diagnosed with heart failure there are some treatments that are involved to keep the syndrome under control. The patient will have medical therapy that involves medications such as an angiotensin- covering enzyme, diuretics to reduce fluid volume overload and venous return, beta- adrenergic blockers to prevent remodeling, any many others. A patient may also have to undergo surgery such as cardiac bypass. There are many life style changes that the patient also has to comply with. Some include weight loss, limited alcohol intake, smoking cessation, stress reduction, and development of an exercise program. If the case is severe, the patient might have to have a heart transplant, but even so, many complications and a hospitalizations are experienced. In order to porevent heart failure there are two ways to approach it. First is to stop or slow heart failure, and second is to avoid a repeat of any event detrimental to the patient’s life. (Shaddinger, 2014) Heart failure is a very serious disease. It should never be be taken lightly and although the most common cause of heart failure is coronary artery disease. It can also occur in infants and children with heart defects. References Chen, M. (2013) Hear Failure Overview. The New York Times. Retrieved from www.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/heart-failure/overview.html Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, (2011) Pressure ulcers. Professional Guide to Pathophysiology. 3rd ed. p. 575-579. Philadelphia. Wolters Kluwer. Shaddinger, D. (2014) Treatment and Prevention. Seconds Count. Retrieved from www.scai.org/secondscount/treatment/default.aspx

AOI health care Essays

AOI health care Essays AOI health care Paper AOI health care Paper Aiming to lead Oregon to prosperity, this non-profit association is the biggest and most prominent in the state. It helps its members by offering money-saving benefits and discounts in their businesses. By doing so, their quality of life may be uplifted with the help of the association’s five trained professional lobbyists (Associated Oregon Industries, 2009). As such, the Associated Oregon Industries puts its members at the top of the priorities list. It intends to address significant business concerns such as fiscal policies by promoting a sustainable economy, expanding the private sector and creating jobs. Since its employees have an essential part in the association, AOI wants health care services to be easily accessible to them by assisting them in obtaining and paying for such. So far, AOI sounds like your typical company. But upon learning about a strict program it enforces, I realized that it is anything but. Formerly known as the Workdrugfree Oregon Program of Oregon Nurses Foundation, the Oregon Employer Drug Free Initiative is a program of the AOI aspiring to create a drug free workplace for its employees at a statewide extent. It was adopted in July 2008 (the change in name to OEDI was in January 2009) and remains the only initiative of its kind in the state. AOI has identified the many benefits of creating a drug-free workplace. Thus, the association wants its employees to be aware of these benefits as well by promoting these, creating and implementing policies that work towards such an environment and assisting the employees in following them (â€Å"What is OEDI? † 2009). The OEDI first came to the attention of many during a Leadership Summit in January 2006, where it was integrated into the Oregon Business Plan. It was established in response to a survey showing that 7% of Oregon employers were concerned about substance abuse. However, only 12% had policies against this in place. Though it is true that to employ a drug-free policy may be costly, to be without one proves to be costlier and not to mention more time-consuming. There is an increased likelihood of having on-the-job injuries and more absenteeism. There may be a lower sense of confidence for employees leading to a likewise lowering of productivity. Since applicants will know that the company does not have a drug-free policy for employees, more drug users will apply for the company, rather than in others with such policies that will not accept them. From the same survey used awhile ago, it was found that 77 percent of illegal drug users and 80 percent of heavy alcohol users are employed. More importantly, 20 percent of applicants fail pre-employment drug tests, reaching even 60 to 80 percent for smaller employers. These statistics undoubtedly present large costs for companies with anti-drug abuse policies in terms of the decreased scope of people they can employ (Wheeler, 2007). However, quoting from what Sid Smith, President of Forest Grove Lumber Co. , McMinnville, said â€Å"If you dont have a sufficient deterrent, drug users will own your company. Our drug-free policy enhanced our workplace productivity, which made a positive impact on our year-end profitability. † (â€Å"Success Stories,† 2007) The said costs seem worth it as AOI was able to create a safer environment for its workers, helping them have a better working experience. The association was able to earn the high regard of the community, and this positive reputation in turn allows the association to get a hold of higher quality applicants. Employees are more confident, increasing productivity and customer satisfaction as well. Finally, economically speaking, costs for health care are lowered together with rates of turnover and absenteeism. OEDI will take on certain procedures to ensure the aforementioned benefits. Educational campaigns to fight against substance abuse will be done in order to mobilize participating identities. Oregon’s workforce will be made free from drug abuse. The program also aims to tap legislators’ awareness about the effects of substance abuse on the safety and efficiency of a working environment, and to promote and prepare students about these. Moreover, these educational campaigns will train supervisors to detect and manage substance abuse in the workplace. Gjesvold (2007) recognizes the pressure on managers and supervisor’s shoulders when it comes to managing their employees who have been found out to be abusers, and as in OEDI, he suggests four steps to be taken in doing so. The first step is observation. According to Phoenix House (2008), these signs include prolonged or unexplained absences, increased accidents on and off the job. Abusers also seem to have a disregard for personal hygiene and an overreaction to criticism, even if the criticism is only imagined. Work patterns are inconsistent leading to lower productivity and efficiency. Physical signs such as bloodshot eyes, persistent cough, dilated pupils, slurred speech or unsteady walk may also be observed. Cocaine abusers can be hyperactive, paranoid, delusional and extremely moody. Next is preparation, which includes anticipating possible reactions of the employee, preparing for resistance or maybe even discussing the issue with a fellow supervisor. Third is perhaps the most crucial part, action, which involves the consultation of the employee and expressing of concerns from both sides and the possible consequences if nothing is done. Finally comes follow-through, where improvements are taken note of or consequences are given when there are no improvements. I personally believe that these policies being implemented by AOI are ones that should be emulated by other companies that seek to give their workers better working experience and that aim for better productivity. As said in an article by Wheeler (2007), We need to keep in mind that this is not just a business issue; it is a community issue. Drug and alcohol abuse in the workplace impacts our local economy, the ability of our businesses to get and keep good employees, the quality of service we receive and the cost of services we purchase. If we all support the concept of a drug-free workplace and support the businesses who implement drug-free workplace policies, we will all benefit from the outcome. BIBLIOGRAPHY Associated Oregon Industries. 2009. About us. Retrieved May 30, 2009 from aoi. org/organization/index. cfm. Gjesvold, J. 2007. Disruptive Behavior: Tough Challenge for Employers. Albany Area Chamber Network, 39 (2). 4. Phoenix House. 2008. Basic facts: Drugs, alcohol the workplace. Retrieved May 30, 2009 from phoenixhouse. org/National/DrugFacts/drugfacts_workplace. html. Success Stories. 2007. Retrieved May 30, 2009 from oregonemployerdrugfree. org/success. html. What is OEDI. 2009. Oregon Employer Drug-free Initiative eNewsletter. Retrieved May 30, 2009 from visitbaker. com/OEDI. pdf. Wheeler, C. 2007. Working Drug-free. Yamhill Valley Viewpoints in News Register . Retrieved May 30, 2009 from oregonemployerdrugfree. org/pdfs/opEdCeliaWheeler31007. pdf.

Free Essays on Women Of 911

Free Essays on Women Of 9/11 Women Of 9/11 September 11, 2001, will be remembered as one of the most horrific and unbelievable days ever experienced in the United States. The events of this day certainly changed every American, and likely affected every person in the world in some way, form or fashion. The events that occurred on September 11, 2001: Four commercial airliners are hijacked by an organized group of terrorists. Two of the airliners crash into and obliterate the twin World Trade Center towers in NYC. One airliner crashes into the Pentagon in Washington DC and destroys a side of the building. These terrorist acts were meant to bring on the demise of America, bring a country so strong to its knees. They succeeded in their mission they brought America to her knees, but what happened next no one expected. America stood up and came together like never before. We regained our composure the men of America came to the plate and performed. The men of the NYFD and NYPD came together and held the country together. Wait a minute where were the women while all this was happening? This is what the media failed to show. When we turned on the television we didn’t see the women digging through the rubble or carrying out survivors, but they did. I am happy that I went to see Women of 9/11 because the thought of women helping never crossed my mind. Its funny how all the women were left out by coincidence, something about that just doesn’t seem right. It would seem that it would make the women involved bitter about it, but that’s not the case at all. The two women who came and spoke were the nicest ladies I have met. They didn’t say anything negative about media stations or other media outlets, they just came to let us know the truth. They came to let us know that the same work we seen the men on the cover of â€Å"Time† or â€Å"Newsweek† doing their were women right besides them....

Data mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Data mining - Essay Example The predictive model work measures predictive scores based on the company’s data (Han et al, 2011). The predictive scores produced by the predictive analytics helps to increase the customer responses during the strategized marketing campaigns. The predictive score also helps in increasing the conversions and clicks, which in turn, help in decreasing the associated churns. Associations discovery in products sold to customers The dynamism of the market has led to the influence on the way the business interacts with their customers. The contemporary market bears no guarantee for the loyalty of a customer. This situation has led to the use of data mining in allowing for associations discovery on the goods sold to the customers. Association discovery consist of rules that use an antecedent (if) and a consequent (then) which represent items associated to the obtained customer’s data (Vaidya et al, 2006). The â€Å"if† is found in the data while â€Å"then† repre sent an item, which is in integration with the antecedent. The association rules works through analysing the if/then patterns yielded by the customers. The organization then records the patterns to help in identifying the most important relationships. The criteria used involve marking a either pattern as â€Å"support† or â€Å"confidence†. These criteria are important in studying the behavior of the consumer towards the products of any given organization. The association rules can be applicable in product clustering, catalog design and store layout (Han et al, 2011). Web mining to discover business intelligence from Web customers Web mining is an important application for data mining helping to study the web patterns. This application is important to organizations, which would like to discover then behavior of the web customers. Web mining works through gathering information from the websites using the traditional data mining whereby there is integration of data obtai ned from the interaction of the potential customers around the web. Web mining presents the business community with the ability to apply intelligent marketing strategies because of the knowledge about the customers. It helps the business to establish a close relationship with the website customers because of the satisfactory analysis on the market. Clustering to find related customer information Clustering in data mining is an important activity for businesses, which helps the latter to find various customers with similar taste to each other. It works through clustering data objects having same attributes concerning the market trend. Through clustering, the firms are able to select high-quality clusters that have low inter-cluster similarity and high intra-cluster similarity. This means that the more similarity between members of a cluster than to a member of another cluster. The process of selecting the clusters in the market is useful in situations where there are many cases with no grouping. The use of clustering algorithms helps in finding the natural groupings. QUESTION 2 Reliability of data mining algorithms The data mining algorithm reliability can be accessed through analysing how they create the data models from a given data. The algorithms are reliable because of the study of specific trends about a given data. The obtained result about the trend helps in identifying the optimal parameters required for the creation of data mining models. The presented optimal parameters helps in deducting appropriate patterns and statistics required for the given

Conduct on-line research to locate two (2) recent cases (one of child Essay

Conduct on-line research to locate two (2) recent cases (one of child abuse and one of elder abuse). Summarize the case and iden - Essay Example Meanwhile, he kept abusing the child as well. Piskorski used to scald the child with boiling water, and held his hand into the heater. Piskorski also mistreated and endangered the child in many other ways. He was also alleged to have tried to stuff Scheurman’s son into the freezer. During the court proceedings, the judge slapped a lash against one of the benches in the court room to explain the way Piskorski used to abuse the little child, as per his understanding of the matter. Dr. Susan Omura, who was appointed as the child’s emergency physician during the court proceedings, treated the child. After examining the body of the little child completely, Dr. Susan Omura identified numerous marks of injuries. According to her, it was â€Å"one of the most severe cases of child abuse she’s ever seen† (KPTV, 2010). Sue Robinson, one of the child’s family members, said she could not recognize him when she first saw the boy lying on a bed in the hospital be cause of excessive swelling all over his body. When investigated, Scheurman told that she was so badly in love with Piskorski that she overlooked the abuse he would offer to her son. Because of her careless attitude, inconsideration and neglect, Scheurman was sentenced to jail for 180 days. In addition to that, she was offered 3 years of probation, and was required to undergo a thorough psychological treatment. Bill Robinson, the lawyer said, â€Å"As much time as he possibly can get. ... He was left to suffer from psychological stress and trauma for the life ahead. Physically abused children may recover injuries and scars on their bodies, but the marks on their mind never fade away. Adult abuse case study: Helen was a girl in mid 20s when the incident happened. She suffers from extreme learning difficulties. She lived in a residential area. On one eve in the summer, as she was alone in her home, she was raped by one of the temporary staff members, who had stayed for the night shift. Because of her learning and speaking difficulties, she did not know how she would narrate her story to others. After a period of 5 months, the care team of Helen found out that she was pregnant. A care professional said, â€Å"They discovered the relief care agency hadn't done the proper checks† (Hogg, 2009). In order to identify the culprit responsible for Helen’s condition, a forensic investigation was carried out. Soon after the investigation opened, the temporary staff m ember was caught. He was an illegal immigrant. The worker got imprisoned and it was considered as Helen’s success. However, the trauma the woman went through at the time she was raped, the after-rape period and later, when she was declared pregnant was too much for the justification of few years of imprisonment for the rapist. Not only was she humiliated at the time when she was raped, but she would have to live with the memories of it for the rest of her life along with her child. Therefore, such kinds of cases offer the victim both physical and psychological abuse. Helen’s was only one of millions of cases that happen all over the world every day. â€Å"Women age 12 or older annually sustained almost 5 million violent victimizations in 1992 and 1993† (Sound Vision, 2011). In every day work,