Firing of air traffic workers by President Reagan Research Paper

Following the dramatic surge in commercial airline after World War II (1939-45), there was an establishment of Federal Aviation Agency (FAA), only later to be renamed to as the Federal Aviation Administration. The agency was entrusted with many responsibilities concerning air travel in the US. They were responsible for all operations concerning the US airport. This included the control of both military and civil use of US airspace for the sake of efficiency and safety. To fulfill its responsibility FAA came up with a networker of towers to control the airport. They also came up with 20 air route control centers well spaced all over the nation to enable them meet their responsibility. (Willis, J.1999) The controllers who manned the tower could control all operations from landing of the planes to the taking off by use of radar system and verbally communicating with pilots. There was a steady growth in the industry which subjected the workers to dire stress, since they controlled numerous airlines having thousands of passengers aboard in a sky which was already clouded. The surging demand of airport operation services which called for absolute attention of the stuff resulted to them working for long hours to meet the increasing demands (McCartin, J.2006). Actually this provoked them to raise an alarm to the employer to increase their salary, reduce their working hours to 32-hour working week and also improve their working conditions. They also called for installation of new operating systems since the present machines were outdated and forced them to strain a lot to meet the services required of them. The Act of Airline deregulation which was proposed and accepted in 1978 resulted to the approval of new carriers, limitation in air routes and setting of ticket prices. (Belk, 2004) This was a major breakthrough to so many new airliners who wee looking for such an opportunity. An increase in new airlines as a result of the permission granted to new carriers and limitation in air routes was noted in a control system which was already full to the bream with airline operations. More and more new airlines jetted into the already approved control system to maximize the overwhelming opportunity which most airlines must have been looking for. Â  Surging tight airline schedules as result of increased new airlines and limitation in air routes brought the workers under intense pressure resulting to FAA recruiting not less than 16000 before the end of 1970s in an effort to curb the situation which was seemingly getting out of hand(Fantasia,R.2004). The efforts of the agency were futile since they did not bear any positive result in the solving of the problem. Ultimately the working conditions worsened off. In August 1981 11000 of the air traffic control workers downed their tools in protest of poor working conditions, poor payment and stressful working conditions. Professional Air Traffic Controller Organization (PATCO) which was the workers union had came up with the objective for the workers to down their tools in search for an improvement in the working conditions. This was highly prohibited in the US federal services. .In US public employees were not permitted to participate in any strike since it was against a law which had been passed in 1955(Willis,J 1999).The strike signaled danger to the nation and the international trade concerning the economy. The strike was threatening the economy of US, which would subsequently affect economy of other regions of the world. The then president Ronald Reagan gave out an order that required all the striking controllers to resume job within 48 hours or else they forfeit their job. Some worker agreed to resume job while the majority remained adamant. They rejected and ignored the president’s order for them to resume worker and they were all fired, and banned from participating from any federal service with their union PATCO decertified. The union had empowered the workers to go on strike while knowing that it was quite against the law. The workers on the other hand refused to honor the orders given by the man who had the power to terminate their career.(McCartin,J.2006) The president had the responsibility to exercise his power of withholding what the government had already accepted and passed as a law. This resulted to quick impositions of new restrictions concerning air traffic flow in the US so as to put the situation under control. There was reduction of flight operations by one third to ease demand on the overloaded centres and also to meet public fear pertaining safety. Former employees who were retired from air traffic control were called back to service in an effort to meet the surging need of experienced controllers in areas with acute shortage of personnel. Staff personnel, supervisors, nonparticipant controllers, nonrated personal and controllers from other facilities were called in to assist the overwhelming situation. Also military personnel were called to assist as replacements were being trained. There was a significant decline in airline operations due to acute shortage of fully experienced and skilled air traffic controllers. Increasing the number of full performance of level controllers was quite a task since most of the workers who were not fired moved up to levels of management while other so it good for them to retire to circumvent the stressful work conditions. In 1984 major disruptions occurred in the airport industry. (Willis, J.1999) There was a flight delay resulting from controller facilities which were undermanned. Outdated facilities which existed in the airline control were costing the company a lot. Major airports such as Chicago and New York experienced frequent traffic bottlenecks which resulted to flight disruptions across the whole nation. It was the pledge of FAA to modernize the air traffic control system after the firing of the workers. National Airspace System Plan was developed by the agency which had an estimated budget of around 16 billion dollars to implement the place. Though new hardware’s were installed by 1990 the system still required such a great improvement for it remained partially updated. (Belk, 2004) A difficult hurdle it was, in the aftermath of the strike for new airline seeking to establish themselves into the larger market since restrictions concerning rebuilding air traffic control had been put in place. People’s views were given, some arguing that it would have been less disruptive and costly for the agency to give the controllers what they demanded than to cause such a great havoc of throwing the transport into chaos. On the other hand, others believed that the president was absolutely right to uphold the government hand pertaining forbidden strike to public workers. Repercussions of the dire strike of 1981 where a mass of workers were fired significantly affected the US labor market (Early, 2006). The message sent by Reagan action to the private sector was that the replacement of striking was practical and highly acceptable. When the president dismissed the striking air traffic controllers and demanded the recruitment of new and permanent replacements, he proved to the world that nothing was more important than doing away with a union that was inciting worker against the constitution of the US, the safety of air traffic not withstanding. To the cooperate world he made it vivid that thumbing noses to the workers obligations was not a great deal. This was highly unacceptable, utterly unethical and absolutely against the rights of the workers. Every worker has a right to good working environment and he or she has a social right to fight for that which will satisfactorily meet his or her obligations. Just because they had totally voted to hold fast for benefits and fair pay which is a social responsibility of the company to make certain thy operate at the benefit of the society, the workers been part of the society. Reagan clearly proved to the world that no one was indispensable, no matter their knowledge, expertise, skills, or their commitment. (McCartin, J.2006) Actually this stole the security of the workers and absolutely terrified them. The terrified workers were not allowed to push for their rights in the fear that they will be fired which is quite unethical On the other hand it was the social responsibility of the company to offer services to the public for the welfare of the society without maximizing on profit making only. At the same time, according to ethics it was the role of the president to uphold the laws of the country therefore firing of the 11000 air traffic workers. He could not overlook the staggering issue at hand at the expense of his role of improving the welfare of his nations economy which was been threatened by the strike. A man who was just crazy to leave a legacy behind his name which he successfully did couldn’t compromise the ethical position of his duty.

Fear of Crime Seriousness of Crime Demographic as Control

Fear of Crime Seriousness of Crime Demographic as Control 6321 Quantitative Analysis in Criminal Justice Introduction The purpose of this paper is to explore the variables associated with the fear of crime and how serious can crime would be estimate. There are three factors that will be examined in this research. The first is that people have fear of crime by age, martial statues and education. This paper will attempt to explain these variances through literature review. The author of this paper will analyze the data from all three factors that explain the fear of crime and the seriousness. This paper will attempt to explain the seriousness of crime and the seriousness across the variables included. The three control variables that will be used are: Age of fear of crime, marital statues, and education dichotomy. The data indicates that the hypothesis is that when these three variables are included difference are among age and education when fear of crime increase. Literature Review There are several ways that fear of crime has a relationship with violence. In many communities have experience higher fear of crime levels? Franklin (2009) in his current research he tested the vulnerability of female and male to indicated if fear of crime was increase by age. In his finding this facts are significant since there is a higher level among age for males while females tend to reduce fear. Age also plays a big role when fear of crime is concern in the communities.Show MoreRelatedThe Psychology Of Public Support For Punishing Rule Essay1400 Words   |  6 Pagesof rule breaking behavior Why do people want to punish rule breakers? 1. The sources of support for the punishment of rule-breaking behavior 2. The nature of public support for punishing those who break social rules 3 basic sources of support 1. Crime-related concerns 2. Concerns about social conditions 3. Concerns about social values 2 views of the nature of public support 1. The instrumental judgement that the world is dangerous 2. The relational judgement that the world lacks social cohesionRead MoreJuvenile Delinquency And The Nature Of Police Juvenile9755 Words   |  40 Pagesmorphology, culture, organization and, social control. This dissertation follows the format and style of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition. Avakame, Fyfe and McCoy (1999) who tested Black’s (1976) theory concluded that there are other extralegal factors besides law and police departmental policies that influence police response. According to them, the race, gender, wealth and education of the victims of a crime influence police decisions whether to interveneRead MoreCanada Should Focus More on Rehabilitation and Less on Retribution 3217 Words   |  13 Pagesoperated on a system of reward and punishment. That is, when good deeds are done or a person behaves in a desired way they SP are rewarded, or conversely punished when behaviour does not meet the societal norms. Those who defy these norms and commit crime are often punished by organized governmental justice systems through the use of penitentiaries, where prisoners carry out their sentences. The main goals of sentencing include deterrence, safety of the public, retribution, rehabilitation, punishmentRead MorePrison : The Cost Of Punishment3442 Words   |  14 Pagesaddressing prison overcrowding. Here we will look at and try to understand the causes and effects of the overcrowding issue, as well as analyze what possible solutions are already out there. We will show that prison overcrowding is caused by ‘tough on crime’ policies as well as a shift in corrections models, combining many solutions, will allow this issue to be controlled. Before going into depth about the overcrowding issue, it is important to understand how the Criminal Justice and Corrections systemsRead MoreEssay about Unfair Drug Laws in America4513 Words   |  19 Pageswhat the actual crimes and punishments are for a few of the drugs in the United States. Next there will be a look into who is affected by the laws and how. Finally, this paper will try to provide some kinds of solutions to the problems that are being caused with the drug laws. First the definition of a drug is any substance that has an effect on the mind and body except food, and the definition of a crime is an act or omission that is punishable or goes against a law. When crime is looked at inRead MoreLaw Enforcement in the 21st Century15936 Words   |  64 PagesB. Grant and Karen J. Terry. Published by Allyn Bacon. Copyright  © 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. st Chapter Out line INTRODUCTION The Themes of the Book The Police Function: Social Control and the Use of Force Policing Within the Rule of Law: The Challenges of Discretion The Delicate Balance: Crime Control versus Due Process The Levels of Law Enforcement Municipal Agencies County Agencies State Agencies Federal Agencies Department of Justice Department of Homeland Security Department of theRead MoreFraud Triangle15238 Words   |  61 Pagescall from Bank A. They told me that what I had been doing was illegal and a felony. I was in shock. I didn’t know it was that bad. I realize now how wrong what I did was. From the start, I knew it was unethical, but I didn’t know it was indeed a crime until now. I have had to do a lot of thinking, praying, and talking to those close to me about this. I am truly sorry for what I have done, and I don’t EVER plan to do it again. All I want now is to make amends with the banks. I do not have theRead MoreThe Long Term Effects on Children Who Are Exposed to Domestic Violence7097 Words   |  28 Pageswhich is always in need of further investigation. This is because domestic violence as a more general category of criminal behavior, is frequently not reported or, in the event that it is, is not always treated with the appropriate level of care or seriousness. This denotes that there is a constant need for research which might broaden our understanding of the subject and, consequently, which might improve the public treatment of the issue. This serves a strong justification for engaging in the presentRead MoreEthical and Social Issues in Information Systems20165 Words   |  81 PagesPrinciples Professional Codes of Conduct Some Real-World Ethical Dilemmas THE MORAL DIMENSIONS OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS Information Rights: Privacy and Freedom in the Internet Age Property Rights: Intellectual Property Accountability, Liability, and Control System Quality: Data Quality and System Errors Quality of Life: Equity, Access, and Boundaries HANDS-ON MIS Developing a Web Site Privacy Policy: Dirt Bikes USA Achieving Operational Excellence: Creating a Simple Web Site Using Web Page DevelopmentRead MoreExaming the Cultural Practice of Ukuthwala and Its Impact on the Rights of the Child13071 Words   |  53 Pagesrespect. The practise was used for a number of purposes which included: * To force the father of the girl to give consent; * To avoid the expenses of a wedding; * To hasten matters if the woman was pregnant; * To persuade the woman of the seriousness of the intent to marry her; and * To avoid the payment of lobola. It is important to observe that this is not how the custom is currently practised in the Eastern Cape. The Daily Dispatch of the 28th of March 2009 covered a story that read as:

Planning an Expedition to Antarctica Free Essays

Pg 2 Pg 2 We as a team will be investigating the effects global warming is having on the Antarctic landscape, we will also look at the effects that the change in the Antarctic landscape is having on other factors such as the dispersion of animals. To look at the change we will look at the rate of contraction of the land, the rate of ice break up, the rate of which a lake is created, the flow rate of Moulins, the rate of sea level increase. As well as this we will try to determine how the reduction of white land mass will further global warming and at what rate. We will write a custom essay sample on Planning an Expedition to Antarctica or any similar topic only for you Order Now This will be hard to do but one of the many techniques we will employ will be to take ice cores. We will stay in Antarctica for 1 year so we can experience the effects of global warming over the different seasons we will then return to Antarctica in 5 years and study the change in data. To meet safety obligations we have created a training schedule in which the members of the team will learn skills needed for the Antarctic expedition as well as this they will learn first aid and what to do if situations get out of hand (situations such as severe weather, avalanches, snow storms, or separation of the group) they will also undergo rigorous testing and psychological assessment to make sure they will be suited to the weather, environment, and lack of social interaction. This is the training schedule it will span over 2 years and will allow them to begin to experience what it will be like in Antarctica. They will go to the training place per month for 1-2 weeks. Date| Place| Training| January 13| Snowdonia| Team Bonding, Scrambling, Walking| February 13| Scotland| Winter Skills Proficiency*, walking, ice climbing| March 13| Lake District| Winter Skills Progression*, walking, rock climbing| April 13| Scotland| Winter mountain days, avalanche awareness, graded routes| May 13| Peak District| Rock climbing, navigation| June 13| Snowdonia| Rock climbing, abseiling| July 13| Swiss Alps| 2 weeks, alpine mountaineering, crevasse rescue, avalanche, glacier crossing | August 13| Peak District| Rock climbing, navigation, first aid| September 13| Lake District| Rock climbing, navigation, first aid| October 13| North Wales| Rock climbing, avigation, first aid| November 13| North Wales| VHF*, competent crew (sailing), marine engine repair| December 13| Scotland| Winter skills, skiing, mountain days, ice climbing| January 14| Scotland| Winter skills, skiing, mountain days, mixed terrain| February 14| Scotland| Winter skills, skiing, Pulk Training (pullka)*| March 14| Norway| 2 weeks, ski touring, mountaineering| April 14| Lake District| Winter skills, walking, fitness, rock climbing abseiling| May 14| Wye Valley| Rock climbing| June 14| North Wales| Alpine skills training and Psychological assessment| July 14| Alps| 2 weeks, alpine mountaineering, crevasse rescue, avalanche, glacier crossing| September 14| North Wales| Communications training and Equipment checks| October 14| Devon| Advanced small boat training| November 14| Alps| Expedition Rehearsal, final practice of all skills and checking of each person’s specific role/job. | *Winter skills proficiency-these are things such as skiing, ice climbing, navigation etc. Winter skills progression- this is a course furthering skill and knowledge in winter skills proficiency (see above for further details) *VHF- very high frequency during this training they will be taught how to use radios in extreme conditions *Pulk Training (pullka)- is training the company in the use of the Scandinavian pullka a short, low-slung small toboggan used in for transport, pulled by a dog or a skier. Pg 3 Pg 3 We have decided to include marine training in case they are caugh t in a situation which requires small boats or ships as the way to evacuate the area. As well as this we understand that we have to follow strict guidelines during our visit to Antarctica but as these guidelines are many we have only been able to list a few to show we fully understand the responsibility we have to the environment. Article II Freedom of scientific investigation in Antarctica and cooperation toward that end, as applied during the International Geophysical Year, shall continue, subject to the provisions of the present Treaty. Article III In order to promote international cooperation in scientific investigation in Antarctica, as provided for in Article II of the present Treaty, the Contracting Parties agree that, to the greatest extent feasible and practicable: -a. information regarding plans for scientific programs in Antarctica shall be exchanged to permit maximum economy of and efficiency of operations; -b. scientific personnel shall be exchanged in Antarctica between expeditions and stations; -c. scientific observations and results from Antarctica shall be exchanged and made freely available. There will be three teams positioned at different spots in the Antarctic. This means that the results we get will be varied and will cover more area this way we can look at the effects over a vast area and see if global warming is affecting different areas at different rates or different ways. Each team will be made up of the same type of people (for example each team would have a photographer). Each team will consist of 9 people, a team leader, a navigator, a photographer, an ecologist, a potamologist, an oceanographer, a glaciologist, a meteorologist and a doctor/paramedic. Team 1| Team 2| Team 3| Reason| Team Leader/ Expedition Leader| Team Leader | Team Leader| You need the team leader to make sure that everyone is doing what they need to be doing| Navigator| Navigator| Navigator| You need the navigator to be able to provide the route needed and help if the team gets lost as well as this they will be able to mark your position on the map. | Photographer| Photographer| Photographer| To record the data photographically and to show the change in ice and to create a portfolio of the research data. Ecologist| Ecologist| Ecologist| To study how the change in landscape and temperature would affect the animals (how they would live and the dispersion of them)| Potamologist| Potamologists| Potamologists| To study the rivers, Moulin’s, lakes to see how global warming is affecting that area within the landscape. | Oceanographer| Oceanographer| Oceanographer| Would study the rise in sea level, the ocean circulation, and the physical and chemical properties of the ocean, geology of the sea. | Glaciologist| Glaciologist| Glaciologist| Would study the ice shifts, the rate of ice melting, and how quickly the ice is retreating. Meteorologist| Meteorologist| Meteorologist| Pg 4 Pg 4 The meteorologist would study the precipitation levels and how this will affect the landscape; will this create more avalanches etc. | Doctor/Paramedic| Doctor/Paramedic| Doctor/Paramedic| To help anyone suffering from frostbite and other related ailments. As well as this the doctor/paramedic would be in charge of the log book and making sure all the equipment is present. | The equipment and kit needed for the Antarctic expedition is numerous so the equipment list is provided after the initial document. The clothing needed for the Antarctic expedition comes in many layers the first/base core layer is light clothes the next layer is the mid insulation layer which is lightweight and traps body heat then the final/outer layer is the thickest layer and is a tough and breathable barrier. Then there are the accessories such as the gloves, hats, sock and boots. The expedition will fly from the UK to Santiago and then from Santiago to Ushuaia and will then sail across the Drake Passage from Puerto Williams in Chile, to the Antarctic Peninsula. Departure| Arrival| Company| Transport| Price per person| Price over all| London, Heathrow| Santiago, Chile| Iberia| Airplane| ? 560| ? 15120| Santiago, Chile| Ushuaia, Argentina| Lan| Airplane| ? 243. 76| ? 6581. 52| Ushuaia, Argentina| Puerto Williams, Chile| ————| Boat| ? 110| ? 2970| Puerto Williams, Chile| Antarctic Peninsula| ————| Boat| The boat will not be paid for it will be rented and we will use it to travel to the Antarctic Peninsula and to transport the other teams to the other research bases. | Total Cost:| ? 913. 76| 24671. 52| To be able to go on this expedition we need sponsors to fund it. We will use 6 sponsors. Society/Sponsor| Type of Sponsor| Reason for Sponsorship| Union of Concerned Scientists| Scientific community-non profitable organisation | They fund research and they are concerned about how global warming is and is going to affect the planet| European Science Foundation| Scientific community-non profi table organisation| They sponsor 11 different research areas one of the ones is polar science this means that they would benefit from this area of science. Secretariat of the Antarctic treaty| Scientific community-non profitable organisation| The information gathered during the research would be useful to all the research bases in the Antarctic and to all the countries within the Antarctic treaty. | WWF| Animal charity and a non-profitable organisation| Although the research we are planning to carry out isn’t directly linked to animals if we look at the animal dispersion aspect we could help them showing how global warming is Pg 5 Pg 5 ffecting the landscape and how that in turn is affecting the animals| Panasonic| A company, profitable organisation| They are sponsoring us because of the photography side of the expedition and due to this they are providing us with the photographic equipment. | Harris| A company, profitable organisation| They are a communication company so the y are helping us with the best transceivers and communicating devices. | The route we will take from arriving at the Antarctic Peninsula will differ depending on the team they belong to. The three places that we are staying are in the Antarctic are the Antarctic Peninsula, Queen Maud Land and the Transantarctic area. On the map below it shows the route each team will take. There is a research base here in which team 1 will stay and the other teams for the 1st week and then team one for the rest of the year. Research base-Rothera (UK) There is a research base here in which team 1 will stay and the other teams for the 1st week and then team one for the rest of the year. Research base-Rothera (UK) There is a research base here in which team 2. Research base-Novolazarevskaya (Russian) There is a research base here in which team 2. Research base-Novolazarevskaya (Russian) There is a research base which team 3 will stay at. In this area there are only two research stations. Research base- McMurdo (U. S. ) There is a research base which team 3 will stay at. In this area there are only two research stations. Research base- McMurdo (U. S. ) The research could be used both in the near future and in the far future; the research we arPg 5 Pg 5 planning to conduct in Antarctica could be used to determine how global warming is affecting other places and whether the rate of global warming has increased or decreased and by how much, as well as this from the data we collect we can try to determine how large a threat global warming is; for example if ocean circulation is changed by global warming then major changes in the climate are very likely. So if we could carry out research and find ou t whether the ocean circulation is changing then we could try to predict the effects. As well as this by repeating the same expedition in 5 years we will firstly get more accurate results and secondly we will be able to see if the levels of global warming within the aforementioned sections have increased or decreased and again at what rate. As well as this the research carried out would benefit not just our country but all other countries within the Antarctic treaty and possibly even further afield. Kit list-Clothing Clothing| Price | Layer type| Reason| Insulated base layer top| ? 20 each| Base core| These will form the basic layers and will be the thinnest and lightest of all the layers. This will help trap air between this primary level and the secondary level forming a good insulator. | Insulated base layer trousers| | Base core| | Fleece| ? 32. 27 each| Mid-Insulation layer| These will form the secondary layer and will be just slightly thicker and heavier than the previous layer. A well as they will trap air between the layers providing more insulation| Insulator trousers| ? 41. 96 each| Mid-Insulation layer| | Polar parka| ? 96. 99 each| Outer layer| These will form the outer layer and will trap air between the secondary and outer layer. These are the thickest and heaviest of all three layers this is because they have to be windproof and waterproof| Down or Synthetic trousers| ? 90. 99 each| Outer Layer| | Light weight gloves| ? 4. 99 each| Accessories| Depending on how cold the area is depends on how many layers of gloves you will need. The lightweight glove liners are the first layer, the lightweight gloves are the second layer and the ski mittens are the outer/final layer. They work on the same principles as the clothes this principle is that they trap air between layers| Ski Mittens| ? 14. 99 each| Accessories| | Lightweight glove liners| ? . 99| Accessories| | Balaclava| ? 20. 00 each| Accessories| You lose about 10% of your body heat from your head so this is essential. | Under socks| ? 7. 99 each| Accessories| The under socks are used as layers and like the lightweight glove liners are the first layer so they are light and thin. | Socks| ? 2. 00 each| Accessories| The socks are thicker and heavier thermal sock s so provide more protection against cold, wind and rain. | Mukluks| ? 155 each| Accessories| The mukluks are there as snow shoes they are thick soled and thick so it protects the foot from cold, wind and rain. Neck gaiter| ? 5. 99 each| Accessories| The neck gaiter or a scarf can be used to protect the neck from cold and traps the body heat| Ski glasses| ? 50. 00 each| Accessories| These have to be high UV levels they are there to protect the explorer from snow glare. | Equipment list Pg 6 Pg 6 Equipment item| Price | Type| Reason| Sleeping bag| ? 199. 99 each| Sleeping| This is thick and well insulated so keeps you warm as well as this most of your clothes will be kept in the sleeping bag when you sleep. | Closed cell foam sleeping mat| ? . 99 each| Sleeping| This is there so you are not sleeping straight on the snow and stops some of the cold from coming as well as this it is more comfortable to sleep on. | Mountaineering ice axe| ? 54. 99 each| Climbing| It is there to help the climber get up the mountain this as well as the crampons and ice hammer are essential for climbing. | Ice hammer| ? 54. 99 each| Climbing| It is there to help the climber get up the mountain this as well as the crampons and ice axe is essential for climbing. | Crampons| ? 9. 90 each| Climbing| It is there to help the climber get up the mountain this as well as the ice hammer and ice axe is essential for climbing. | Climbing Harness| ? 59. 95 each| Climbing| The climbing harness is there to stop the climber from falling when climbing the mountain or glacier. It is there as protection. | Personal crevasse rescue kit| ? 20. 00 each| Climbing| This is there in case some member of the team falls into a crevasse this will help them to get back out. | Right and left hand ascenders| ? 38. 0 each| Climbing| These are there to attach the rope to the climbing harness. | Skis with touring binds| ? 350. 00 each| Skiing equipment| The skis are there to help the explorer travel across the ice shee ts and snow. | Adjustable ski poles| ? 65. 00 as a pair| Skiing equipment| The adjustable poles are there so any one can use them and they are used to guide the skis in the right direction. | Transceiver| ? 65. 99 for 5| Skiing equipment| The transceiver is there to give and receive messages to other members of that team and other teams. | Avalanche probe| ? 29. 0 each| Skiing equipment| They are a crucial part of the avalanche rescue kit it is there to mark the spot of the person who is under the snowfall caused by the avalanche. | Shovel| ? 15. 00 each| Skiing equipment| These are there to dig you, your ski or the ledges out of the snow if they are buried. | Ski crampons| ? 26. 24 each| Skiing equipment| These are to help you grip in the snow or on the skis while you are walking or skiing. | GPS| ? 115. 00 each| Navigation | The GPS is there so you can determine where you are and the quickest route back if you’re lost. | Compass| ? 15. 0 each| Navigation| The compass is the re for those who do not hold GPS or the GPS has stopped working and so can be used as a navigational tool. | Altimeter watch| ? 90. 00 each| Navigation| Altimeter watch is an altimeter, barometer, and compass so can be used in many ways and is very helpful. | Spare batteries| ? 1. 93 for 8| Navigation| Spare batteries for the watch and for the GPS to be used as emergency and when needed. | Lightweight group shelter| ? 359. 99 for 9 people| Emergency| This will be used in emergencies if you are caught in a snow storm or if you need to camp out before you reach your destination. Personal first aid kit| ? 22 each| Emergency| This will be used in case you are separated or if Pg 8 Pg 8 you are on a journey and harm yourself. | Small repair kit| ? 9. 58 each| Emergency| This could be used to repair skis, boats, snowmobiles or any other equipment needed to be mended| Medication| ———-| Additional| This is only there for those who suffer from chronic of short term illnes ses as well as basic medication such as paracetamol, aspirin etc. | Food packets| ? 5. 00 for 10 packets| Additional| These will be used on journeys and in emergencies if there is no access to food. Water purifiers| ? 30 for 5| Additional| This is there if the water runs out and you need to melt ice then it will be essential to purify the water before you drink the water| Water| ? 10 for 3Ãâ€"1 litre| Additional| These will be there if you are on a journey, trek or are caught in an emergency as a form of liquid so as to stop dehydration. | Vitamins and minerals| ? 20 for 5 jars| Additional| Are there for any emergencies when the explorer is suffering from a vitamin and mineral deficiencies. | Sun screen| ? 20. 0 for 4| Additional| These are to protect the skin from the high UV level. | Lip screen| ? 20. 00 for 5| Additional| These are there to protect the lips from the high UV level. | By Francesca Steeples 9P All prices were correct at the time of printing Pg 1 Pg 1 How Is Global Warming Affecting The Antarctic Landscape? Contents Introduction pg 2 Training Schedulepg 2-3 Articles/Rules in Antarctic Treatypg 3 Team and Team Memberspg 3-4 Equipment and Kit Listpg 3 and 5-7 Route to Antarcticapg 3 Sponsorspg 3-4 Route in Antarcticapg 4 What the research could be used for in the futurepg 5 How to cite Planning an Expedition to Antarctica, Papers

Disaster Risk Reduction and Management †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Disaster Risk Reduction and Management. Answer: Introduction: In a disaster management plan, developing a response plan is the second phase of the whole plan, it is sometimes referred to as emergency response (Abbott, 2012). A response plan includes conducting actions like warnings/ evacuation plans, search and rescue operations, assessing the damage caused and providing immediate help for as long as needed (Crane et al., 2014). A response plan is simply used to maintain order, save lives and offer assistance and support to the affected parties. It is mostly involved in scenarios where human lives are said to be in danger or situations that can cause great loss of human life, e.g., earthquakes or tremors, floods, volcanic eruptions disasters, tornadoes, tsunamis, airplane crashes to name a few (Hayes et al., 2009 and Sharma, 2015). In other words, a response plan acts as a tool for enabling the provision of basic human needs up until a permanent solution can be found or rather identified (Greer, 2012). In this assignment, I am going to discuss the response plan that I will use in a scenario where there is an earthquake occurrence, and there is a lot of lives already in danger while other lives have already been lost. An earthquake is a natural but sudden and rapid shaking of the ground which is caused by breaking and dismantling of the rocks beneath the earths surface. Being a natural disaster, it can cause a lot of damage to properties, e.g., buildings, bridges, infrastructures like roads and human life. Besides these, earthquakes can cause other problems like disruption of the electric and telephone services, cause floods, landslides, fires to name a few. In this case study, the earthquake has occurred in Rio City which is one of the largest city in Brazil. Additionally, the city-country has planned to host its Olympics games in that same city which means that there is a lot of people living in the city at that very moment. From the case study information, there are large numbers of tourists and athletes in the city already. The earthquake has already occurred, and many lives have already been lost, and others are in grave danger. Generally, in an emergency response team, certain members or stakeholders are supposed to be involved in making the process a successful one. These parties should always be rich and high with expertise, experience, knowledge, and skills to deal with any scenario that seems to target and destroy human lives (Paganini et al., 2016). The stakeholders in any disaster should always be ready to save human life. In other words, these stakeholders are responsible for ensuring that property and human life is safeguarded and if in danger, responds effectively and efficiently to reduce the suffering and pain experienced especially by the people involved (Lennquist, 2012). In the case study, the stakeholders that will be involved in the situation include the following parties: CATEGORY DESCRIPTION LOCATION OF OPERATION ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY Emergency managers, e.g. transportation service companies Local, state and transportation staffs On-scene, emergency operations stations, specific shelters, hospitals Gathering key players together and offering them support Gathering information together to come up with the best problem solution possible Work as a team to provide as much support and resources for the first responders to work on Political crew State governors, municipal leaders and other political leaders City hall, county hall Making decisions on the best way to solve the situation Making the decisions on what legal action should be taken at what time and by whom. For instance, in case of the need for an evacuation the political team is to make the decision on how to conduct it legally. First responders Police, fire departments, rescue teams e.g. ambulances, evacuation operation teams On scene (, nearby hospitals, police stations. Provide first response Coordinate and organize any party (stakeholder) that is involved in the scenario including the volunteer groups, the tourists and the athletes as well as other people involved or who could be affected. Manage all the parties involved by providing any valuable information that may be needed to make the process successful. Provide security and safety to the people affected and involved. Provide professional help especially in identifying possible problems or challenges to human lives and property that may be caused by the earthquake Volunteer organizations Brazilian Red Cross Team, local charity groups and organizations, salvation army, brazil citizens Specific Shelters, on scene, hospitals Ensure that there is enough and adequate relieve services in the scene, e.g. food, water, beds for rest, shelters, medications among other things Professional and expertise Engineers, medical doctors, registered nurses On-scene, hospitals, specific volunteer shelters Provide professional support and advice on the effects and causes of the earthquake Give advice on the possible suitable solutions required to eradicate the whole problem or reduce the chances of another from occurring Provide medications to the affected people by saving lives and making them feel safe Give comfort and support to those affected most and almost on the verge of death All of the above named stakeholders must be certainly be knowledgeable and skilled in their specific area of work. The response team leader should ensure that every individual involved has expertise on their specific field for better performance and success chances. Therefore, the team leader should basically focus on including parties that are capable of saving human life and ensuring less property loss. Logistics of the Scenario Logistics in a disaster occurrence like an earthquake occurrence must focus on the main purpose and aim for the response team, i.e. to save and safeguard human life and property. Therefore, the steps and procedures to be taken should include any activity and action that is capable of saving a life and making sure that no property that is damaged. As for the case study, the logistics will include the following procedures and activities: The team will be the responsible for allocating and coordinating all the operations conducted in the scene The stakeholders involved in the scene should register and run by the response team leader The team should ensure that all the people possibly involved in the scene are accounted for, either being dead or alive The team members will ensure that every affected person is provided a comfortable and safe environment. E.g. either emotionally, physically or psychologically. In other words, this involves the action to rescue, relief, rehabilitate, rebuild and comfort people affected. Team will ensure that all the property located in the area of earthquake occurrence are accounted for. Evacuation procedures will be implemented for every citizen affected especially those whose homes have already been destroyed by the earthquakes. It is not always easy to point out or indicate a specific location where a natural disaster is likely to occur. Therefore, it is important for every government and response team to ensure that it is always ready to act and provide the best care possible to the people that may be involved. In the case of the case study, the earthquake occurred in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, which happens to be in the countrys capital city. Therefore, besides the fact that the city normally has a large number of people or citizens and residential homes, the city was to host Olympic Games during the earthquake occurrence. This means that the numbers of the people residing in the city at that exact time was extremely higher even than its normal population. Therefore, this increases the number of lives in danger including those of tourists and vising athletes. Generally, every natural disaster occurrence causes human life loss, property loss and other problems accompany it even after the situation is over (Bi swas et al, 2016). Therefore, in the case of Rios earthquake, the response team must ensure that there are more stakeholders involved and that the responsibilities are effectively performed for the whole process and plan to be successful. In every situation and every group work, there are possible challenges to be experienced especially when it comes to solving and helping natural disaster victims (Pourhosseini et al, 2015). The following challenges are expected by my response team during its time with Rio earthquake disaster: Some victims will not want to be helped. Some victims will find it better for them to visit their own doctors and specialists instead of being checked and treated by the doctors already in the scene. This is mostly for the victims who are not deeply hurt or affected (Srivastava, 2010). Lack of cooperation among the stakeholders. This is especially when some groups or organizations think that they have the right and most effective process and procedure to perform a certain responsibility than another (Djalali et al, 2011). Also, this may arise from the fact that some stakeholders look down upon others and would rather take o leadership roles whenever they want. Challenges in sharing and distributing basic human needs like water, food and clothes especially to the affected (Raissi, 2007). This can also happen in the case of medication and sanitation delivery and access (MasoudiAlavi, 2014). Death occurrence Challenges in continuing with the Olympic Games because of the chaos and disruptions that may be caused by the earthquake Likely Outcomes In every scenario or situation, there are certain specific outcomes expected to be realized after the operation is complete, especially in a natural disaster occurrence (Amon et al, 2015). In a natural disaster occurrence scenario, the response team is expected to put all the effort and energy they can to achieve the expected results or rather the best results possible. In the case study discussed above, some of the expected outcomes include the following: Human life is saved Cause of the earthquake is identified Solution for long term problems and challenges are identified (Nolte et al, 2012). For instance disease outbreak from such disaster or other damages that come in handy like frequent landslides, floods etc. Property loss e.g. buildings, roads and bridges Loss of homes which leads to internally displaced people. Possible cancellation of the Olympic Games process Conclusions A natural disaster like an earthquake can occur at any time anywhere. However, every country should ensure that there are response teams ready to take the role and responsibility of eradicating the disaster and caring for the victims of that disaster, i.e. including saving human lives and property. In case of an earthquake aftermath, the response team can be involved in various response and recovery operations e.g. implementing evacuation procedures. In the case study, my response teams plan will be based entirely on the sole responsibility to save live which will include evacuation procedures for the people living in the exact area of earthquake occurrence. This plan will certainly be able to complete the whole process and ensure that it is successful. I would recommend the Brazilian government to be extremely cautious especially when it comes to identifying possible disaster occurrences (like earthquake occurrence parameters) (Yunga, 2010) to avoid the above mentioned challenges and problems like loss of lives and property. I would also recommend every response team associated with natural disaster responses and recovery to be ready to cooperate and work as a team to reduce the amount and number of problems caused by the disaster itself. References Abbott, A. A. (2012). Emergency Response Plan.ACSM's Health Fitness Journal,16(5), 33-36. Amon, F., Svensson, S., Lindstrm, J., Ronchi, E., Lindstrm, P., Nieto Uriz, F., ... Reilly, P. (2015). Effects of human activities on the progression and development of large scale crises. Biswas, A., Rahman Mashreky, S., Dalal, K., Deave, T. (2016). Response to an earthquake in Bangladesh: Experiences and Lesson Learnt.Open Journal of Earthquake Research,5, 1-6. Crane, M. A., Levy-Carrick, N. C., Crowley, L., Barnhart, S., Dudas, M., Onuoha, U., ...Ozbay, F. (2014). The response to September 11: a disaster case study.Annals of global health,80(4), 320-331. Djalali, A., Khankeh, H., hln, G., Castrn, M., Kurland, L. (2011). Facilitators and obstacles in pre-hospital medical response to earthquakes: a qualitative study.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine,19(1), 30. Greer, A. (2012). Earthquake Preparedness and Response: Comparison of the United States and Japan.Leadership and Management in Engineering,12(3), 111-125. Hayes, J., Mason, J., Brown, F., Mather, R. (2009). Floods in 2007 and older adult services: lessons learnt.The Psychiatrist,33(9), 332-336. Lennquist, S. (2012). The hospital response. InMedical Response to Major Incidents and Disasters(pp. 77-98). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. MasoudiAlavi, N. (2014). Disaster: Are We Prepared?.Nurs Midwifery Stud,3(2), e19993. Nolte, I. M., Martin, E. C., Boenigk, S. (2012). Cross-sectoral coordination of disaster relief.Public management review,14(6), 707-730. Paganini, M., Borrelli, F., Cattani, J., Ragazzoni, L., Djalali, A., Carenzo, L., ...Ingrassia, P. L. (2016). Assessment of disaster preparedness among emergency departments in Italian hospitals: a cautious warning for disaster risk reduction and management capacity.Scandinavian journal of trauma, resuscitation and emergency medicine,24(1), 101. Pourhosseini, S. S., Ardalan, A., Mehrolhassani, M. H. (2015). Key aspects of providing healthcare services in disaster response stage.Iranian journal of public health,44(1), 111. Raissi, G. R. (2007). Earthquakes and rehabilitation needs: experiences from Bam, Iran.The journal of spinal cord medicine,30(4), 369-372. Sharma, D. C. (2015). Nepal earthquake exposes gaps in disaster preparedness.The Lancet,385(9980), 1819-1820. Srivastava, K. (2010). Disaster: Challenges and perspectives.Industrial psychiatry journal,19(1), 1. Yunga, S. L. (2010). Earthquake parameters including strong earthquakes.Natural Disasters-Volume I, 88.

Internet and Everyday Life

Introduction The Internet, otherwise referred to as the cyberspace, stands out as the most welcomed technological advancement ever to happen. Virtually every person uses it either directly or indirectly. As a result, it has become popular and a key driver of economic systems in the world mainly through globalization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Heilbroner and Bottke (2007, p.67), â€Å"An economic system is an organized way that a state allocates various resources apportioning services and goods in the state’s community†. Thus, an economic system comprises of institutions, people, relationships and rules that govern how each carries out economic practices. The main objective of an efficient economic system is to provide liberty, equality, efficiency and liberty (Conklin, 1992, p.1). In the new economic system, everyone has many opportunities of becoming a budding entrepreneur. The only requirements are for one to embrace technology, become innovative and manifest a fair deal of determination. The world has experienced unprecedented adoption of Internet into economic systems for the past few decades (Boyle, 2003, p.39). The Internet has enabled the achievement of new and more egalitarian economic systems thus providing many opportunities to the current generation that make it independent, happy, and wealthy. Supporters of this technology claim that, the Internet provides equality that results into a more democratic society (Cooke, 2002, p. 208). While many new things have come based on the advent of the Internet, the paper provides a critical analysis of how the Internet has brought forth the aforementioned new and more egalitarian economic systems. Internet and the Egalitarian economic System The Internet has uniquely influenced religion, politics, and economy by providing distinct benefits in everyda y activities. During the technological revolution, the global music industry experienced losses. However, it has now recovered. In fact, it is reaping huge returns from the Internet (Marshall Fiore, 1994, p. 26).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Consequently, the Internet has resulted into the emergence of innovative economy, coupled with a shift of power to individuals. In addition, utilization of the Internet represents an effective medium of political activism communication, particularly media control by states, which has resulted to an increase in citizen journalism (Goldsmith Tim, 2006, p, 82). Moreover, through Internet, dissemination and sharing of religious beliefs and messages is fast and effective. Thus, the Internet aids in shaping the unique construction of people’s identity, community, economy, and power in remarkable manners. Internet has provided a rev olution on how people, from all walks of life, work and live. Around the globe, innovative and motivated people have realized that the primitive ways of relaying on traditional economic systems to make a good living is unrealistic and are now living outside the cubicle by using Internet to find more secure, profitable, rewarding, and flexible opportunities. Different researches have contextualized diverse roles played by the Internet in bringing about new developments in the economy, which provide remarkable benefits to the world’s population and governments by advocating equal opportunities for all. The major economic benefits obtained from this technology revolve around democracy, identity, and empowerment (Mansell, 2004, p, 74). The Internet has changed the way people carry out economic activities. Different economic activities have emerged replacing the old practices thereby improving efficiency. As Graeme (1999, p.164) posits, â€Å"The new, egalitarian economic systems are not dominated by few, giant structures†¦they are fluid networks of smaller, efficient, and independent units†. This follows because the Internet has provided equal opportunities for all entrepreneurs to venture into the businesses of their choice. Millions of business opportunities traditionally considered as out of reach for small businesses are now easier to operate thanks to various services made available by the Internet. For businesses to succeed in the old economic systems, every person worked in big and integrated corporations, as businesses required massive investments in terms of capital and the economies of scale (Humphreys, 2008, p.167). However, the Internet has changed all these. Businesses are no longer required to perform their functions in-house and or directly hire all the required resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Internet and Everyday Life specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn Mor e Businesses now utilize outsourcing services because Internet technology has made it possible to get business work done anywhere and at anytime (Chan Lau, 2006, p, 361). This comes in handy in information businesses such as media, financial, entertainment, and education where there is no production of physical commodities (Froomkin, 2000, p. 1508). Internet has provided stiff competition in business, thus, ensuring that one gets high quality services, which commensurate with the amount paid. In the recent past, people communicated manually using messengers, traditional gadgets and letters, to state but a few. However, with the advent of Internet, communication sector has had a tremendous boost. Benefits in the communication sector The quality of communication among community members has increased at a tremendous rate thanks to the Internet. Factors such as low connection costs, low entry barriers, high speeds, and distance elimination have resulted into enormous adoption of dive rse technologies in communication (Leeder, 2007.p. 23). Various technological discourses encouraging adoption of communication technology has centered on the potential of economic systems to accelerate efforts of national development, opening up various free public spheres and equal democratic discourse, and bring about effective changes in socio-cultural aspects (Laura, 2008, p.16). On the other hand, religious devotions have improved through effective communication, which include music, words, and symbols. Consequently, different religious organizations utilize online religious messages and teachings. For instance, the Vatican uses Internet to disseminate church messages to its global members, as it views this technology as a marvelous invention and very fast communication medium (Foley, 2002, p.4). The Internet portrays different religious ideas and messages, which inspire millions of people all over the globe. Through the Internet, people stand a chance to tackle challenges such as poor communication, delayed payment, group discussions by people in different countries, amongst others in an amicable manner (Carolyn, 1998, p, 201). In turn, this has resulted to the satisfaction of all stakeholders. Further, Internet has a fair share of applications in the economic sector.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Economic benefits The Internet has improved the society’s economy by providing effective medium of society construction in terms of economic and social welfare. The implications of the Internet to the global economic systems are myriad. The adoption of Internet into a platform of mass-market has influenced how businesspersons interact with each other (Hongladarom, 2002, p.244). These economic states are creating many success stories every day, as they provide enormous opportunities, which are more rewarding and less strenuous. The Internet has provided enormous change in the economy in both developed and developing countries all over the world. Huff (2001, p.44) reckons that, â€Å"The presence of Internet in developing countries has provided a great transformation in commerce, and has a significant impact on governments’ conduct and development of economic affairs†. Apparently, the optimism expressed echoes the prevalent image portraying Internet as an empoweri ng and egalitarian medium. The new, egalitarian economic systems are unique, as the biggest domination comes from millions of small business instead of mega corporations. For instance, an image created by Shepard Fairey, a street artist in Los angles became ubiquitous and was spread all over the globe as it presented â€Å"hope† in 2008, during presidential campaigns for Barrack Obama (Behrens, 2010, p.74). This presented huge business venture for a single street artist. Despite the fact that the Internet presents a huge challenge to many people who lack knowledge on its uses, it has tremendous rewards to those who adopt it and make it a paramount tool in managing their economic endeavors. The information provided by the Internet is vital to the success of many entrepreneurs who seize these opportunities and make a great fortune out of them. Through the Internet, people from all over the world can involve in diverse economic activities especially thorough utilization of e-bus iness and e-payments platforms (Murray, 2006, p.41). These services provide equal opportunities to all individuals who want to venture in various economic states all over the globe. Many changes in business operations are occurring because of Internet. Politicians have benefited much based on the availability of the Internet, as they stand a chance, not only to carry out political activities, but also to share their political views with others. Political benefits The political arena has undergone many remarkable changes due to the utilization of Internet. Since 1990s, the Internet has had strong connections with emerging genres of the political activism (Flew, 2002, p 38). Internet provides pragmatic approaches of handling various challenges faced by the political systems in the world. Morris (1999, p. 29) reckons that, Internet democracy has ignored national borders and paved effective ways of personal expression. Internet has diverse unique qualities that makes its presences in th e global politics more profound and have many implications. The first quality is the Internet ability to mobilize users especially those who were not involved in politics thus increasing political activities in the world. Using distinct means, Internet mobilizes people through distribution of vital â€Å"information to all corners of the world† (Campbell, 2009, p.23). For instance, 2008 presidential campaigns in the United States utilized Internet to reach millions of citizens situated all over the world. Internet has great influence on the masses, as they stand a chance to share information easily across the globe, especially through social sites such as facebook. Another quality is the Internet ability to provide quick, high quality, and large quantity information concerning various political activities and ideologies. The Internet also provides unbiased information on available political opportunities to everyone who accesses the online services. Moreover, the ability of t he Internet to shrink distances existing between users has brought into existence new and more egalitarian political systems. Internet has rendered convectional physical distance or geography irreverent by making communication between users fast and efficient (Antulio, 2008, p. 76). This has improved political identity and power of individuals all over the world. Benefits in the music industry The music industry globalization has increased the potential of this industry largely. This globalization has increased political, economic, social, and cultural connections (Flichy, 2008, p.57). Significant changes are evident in the music industry due to music digitization and Internet development. Easy online access to music has enabled worldwide distribution of all music genres rendering intermediaries unnecessary (Shuker, 1998, p.23). There are a few challenges to this technology. As Andrew (2007, p.17) reckons, â€Å"colonization of cultural identity and public space by the multi-nation al music corporations exists, which diminishes the power of small corporations in the same industry†. However, the power of the music industry on the sharing and dissemination of talent in music has changed to record labels and independent voices of the artists. For instance, social networking sites such as MySpace and YouTube have undergone expansion illustrating paradigm shift from first media age to the second media age (Cavelty, 2008, p.68). This has made international distribution of different genres of music such as rap and hip-hop fast and effective. Conclusion Based on the expositions made in the paper, it suffices to declare Internet the backbone of every activity that is currently taking place around the globe, be it business, communication and or politics. The Internet has many benefits to everyday activities, as confirmed in the paper. For individuals who are innovative, striving to create their own niches, Internet provides endless opportunity for them to market t heir ideas as well as receiving clients from all over the globe. Through Internet, it takes few seconds for information or an advertisement to reach every part of the world. Thus, it is imperative to adopt this technology to reap maximum benefits it offers. Therefore, if the internet were to be put aside, the world would be in darkness with everything at a standstill. Reference List Andrew, M. (2007).The Regulation of Cyberspace: Control in the Online Environment. New York: Routledge. Antulio, E. (2008). Wars of Ideas and the War of Ideas. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute. Behrens, H. (2010). Globalization vibrates the 21st century. Lithaus, Berlin: Lithaus Uni- Edition. Boyle, J. (2003). The Second Enclosure Movement and the Construction of the Public Domain. Law and Contemporary Problems, 66(33): 33–75. Campbell, D. (2009). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Carolyn, M. (1998). Wh en Old Technologies Were New: Thinking about Electric Communication in the Late Nineteenth Century. New York: Oxford University Press. Cavelty, M. (2008).Power and Security in the Information Age: Investigating the Role of the State in Cyberspace. London: Ashgate. Chan, K., Lau, T. (2006) â€Å"Are Small Business Owner/Managers Really Entrepreneurial?† Entrepreneurship and Regional Development 5(4), 359-367 Conklin. W. (1991). Comparative Economic Systems, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cooke, P. (2002) Surfing for Eastern Difference: Ost-algie, Identity and Cyberspace. Canadian Journal of Germanic Studies, 40(3), 202–221. Flew, T. (2002). New Media – An Introduction. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. Flichy, P. (2007). Internet Imaginaire. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press Foley, J. (2002). Pontifical Council for Social Communications – The Church and the Internet. Web. Froomkin, M. (2000). The Death of Privacy? Stanford Law Review 52 (2000): 1461 - 1543. Goldsmith, J., Tim, W. (2006). Who Controls the Internet? Illusions of a Borderless World. New York: Oxford University Press. Graeme S. (1999). Global Transition: A General Theory. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Heilbroner, L., Boettke, P. (2007). Economic Systems. The New Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 34(17), 908–15. Hongladarom, S. (2002). The Web of Time and the Dilemma of Globalization. The Information Society, 18(4), 241 – 249. Humphreys, S. (2008). Ruling the Virtual World: Governance in Massively Multiplayer Online Games. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 11(2): 149–171 Laura, S. (2008).Speech without Rights: The Status of Public Space on the Internet. The Communication Review, 11(2): 1–23. Leeder, Kim. (2007) Technology and Communication in the Environmental Movement.  Electronic Green Journal, 1(25): 19–26. Mansell, R. (2004). Political Economy, Power and New Media. New Media Society, 6(1), 96-105. Marshall, M., Fiore, Q. (1 994). War and Peace in the Global Village. New York: Simon Schuster, Inc. Morris, D. (1999).Vote.com. Los Angeles, California: Renaissance Books. Murray, W. (2006). Geographies of Globalization. New York: Routledge. Shuker, R. (1998). Popular Music – The Key Concepts. USA and Canada, New York: Routledge. This essay on Internet and Everyday Life was written and submitted by user Stella Horne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on The Souths War

The South’s War The American Civil War was an event that changed the future of the United States of America. The outcome of the war determined whether there would be two countries instead of one united nation. Throughout the war the North and the South had completely different aspects of what happened. Many written accounts are based solely on the North’s view of the Civil War. Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind discusses the Civil War from the South’s perspective, while intertwining a wonderful, page turning story. The adventurous life of Scarlett O’Hara is full of trial and tribulations before, after and during the war. Scarlett’s experiences tell how an average southern plantation family was affected by the war. Throughout Margaret Mitchell's compelling story of Scarlet O'Hara’s life, is a historical account of the Civil War from the South's perspective shown in the life of plantation owners before the war, city dwellers during the war, and b oth plantation owners and city residents trying to get life back together after the war ended. Before the war plantation life in the South was complicated, but enjoyable. Families owned and ran large plantations and had relatively easy lives, but still worked hard for their own plantation. The O'Hara family owned and ran a plantation named Tara. It was a large cotton plantation with many slaves working the fields, in the house and as personal servants, which was typical plantation life of the era. Margaret Mitchell brought the reality of war into the lives of her fictional characters. Among men and boys war was a popular subject, but among the women it was not. When Scarlett was chatting with the Tarleton twins they brought up war excitedly and she exclaimed, "Why there isn't going to be any war!" as though it was certain(7). At a large picnic on a neighboring plantation, Twelve Oaks, the main topic of conversation was the coming war. As the barbecue was ge... Free Essays on The Souths War Free Essays on The Souths War The South’s War The American Civil War was an event that changed the future of the United States of America. The outcome of the war determined whether there would be two countries instead of one united nation. Throughout the war the North and the South had completely different aspects of what happened. Many written accounts are based solely on the North’s view of the Civil War. Margaret Mitchell’s Gone With the Wind discusses the Civil War from the South’s perspective, while intertwining a wonderful, page turning story. The adventurous life of Scarlett O’Hara is full of trial and tribulations before, after and during the war. Scarlett’s experiences tell how an average southern plantation family was affected by the war. Throughout Margaret Mitchell's compelling story of Scarlet O'Hara’s life, is a historical account of the Civil War from the South's perspective shown in the life of plantation owners before the war, city dwellers during the war, and b oth plantation owners and city residents trying to get life back together after the war ended. Before the war plantation life in the South was complicated, but enjoyable. Families owned and ran large plantations and had relatively easy lives, but still worked hard for their own plantation. The O'Hara family owned and ran a plantation named Tara. It was a large cotton plantation with many slaves working the fields, in the house and as personal servants, which was typical plantation life of the era. Margaret Mitchell brought the reality of war into the lives of her fictional characters. Among men and boys war was a popular subject, but among the women it was not. When Scarlett was chatting with the Tarleton twins they brought up war excitedly and she exclaimed, "Why there isn't going to be any war!" as though it was certain(7). At a large picnic on a neighboring plantation, Twelve Oaks, the main topic of conversation was the coming war. As the barbecue was ge...

It's organizational leadership , How to convince and get people's Essay

It's organizational leadership , How to convince and get people's trusts so that they will follow me and my instruction - Essay Example Debatably, proficiency with a prominent vision is one of the most crucial aspects in getting people’s attention. People will give credit to an individual if impressed by the person’s capability to overcome unexpected circumstances. Heathfield (2013) asserts that in order to follow a leader, individuals must be confident with the course which the leader pursues. This ability will assist in consolidating people together into a group with similar objectives, which will result to company success. Needless to say, the subordinates will follow the leader’s instructions entirely. For instance, Steve Job’s leadership qualities allow cultivation of innovation capabilities among his employers, which ensures production of new company products such as computers and cell phones, company progress and customer satisfaction. Additionally, personality is extremely imperative to a leader. This is all about human’s common sense that determines which is right and wrong. Therefore, people can judge whether a person is outstanding or not. In this regard, individuals with a good personality can gather numerous people as their followers. Arguably, the society will love their personalities, follow them and obey their instructions. In essence, â€Å"the leader needs to have an attractive character combined with a pleasing behavior that leaves a lasting impression† (Cheng, 2010). For instance, Mother Teresa is one of the prominent examples of a great leader who expressed outstanding personality of helping impoverished children, people, and society. Until today, everyone still remembers her as a one of the great people in history. She is a leader who made people follow her attitude by doing great things. It’s difficult to attract people to follow what one does. However, if an individual has a prominent vision and expertise, it marks the first step to having followers.

Parenting Style Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parenting Style - Assignment Example They encourage their child to be independent and individualistic. They also engage in discussion and explanations over matters of discipline and family decision making, thus parents listen patiently to a childs point of view as well as provide sensitive guidance. Authoritative parenting is effective in shaping a childs cognition. It is associated with task persistence, academic achievement, social maturity, high self-esteem and confidence, self-controlled in their ability to resist engaging in disruptive behavior, and less gendered type. Children are competent, responsible, and independent. Authoritative parenting also encourages intrinsic motivation (Alarcon). Authoritarian parents set high standards, place a high value on conformity, and expect obedience without any questions or comments. They are demanding and unresponsive to a childs needs. Authoritarian parenting approach affects a childs cognition negatively. Children who are consistently treated in an authoritarian way tend to be withdrawn, rebellious, and unhappy, have a low self-esteem, anxious, lack intellectual curiosity, and react to others with hostility when frustrated. Permissive parents are warm and accepting, but make no demands or set limits on their children. Since they are non-controlling, these parents allow their children to regulate their own behavior. They allow their children to make their own decisions at any age. This parenting approach affects a childs cognition negatively. Children of permissive parents tend to be immature, impulsive, underachievers, rebellious, low self-esteem, dependent on adults, and showed less persistence on school tasks (Alarcon). Through various research and studies, it has been discovered that children subject to authoritative parenting style are securely attached to their parents. On the other hand, children subject to authoritarian or permissive

Decision Modelling and Decision Analysis--JOB SELECTION Essay

Decision Modelling and Decision Analysis--JOB SELECTION - Essay Example A research on the job location revealed the most expensive and least expensive cities. Probability scores in the range of 1-10 were used to rank the various alternatives on criteria. Final scores of the product of weights and probability scores helped to reach the conclusion that American Systems Developers provides the best opportunity to Claire. Table of Contents S.No. Topic Page No. 1 Introduction 3 2 Problem statement 3 3 Goal statement 3 4 Background 3 5 Main criteria for job selection 4 6 Various alternatives available 5 7 Linking interests and alternatives 6 8 Methodology 7 9 Assumptions 8 10 Results 9 11 Conclusion 10 Introduction Claire Dale has job offers from five different companies. Each company has different salary structure to offer and a different job profile. Some are offering a job requiring a lot of travel while others are offering single location jobs. Claire also needs to look at the location where she will be working from so that she is able to balance her profe ssional and personal life. She has a number of criteria which she has to look at before deciding which job has the potential to offer her maximum job satisfaction as well as compensate her financially and allow her to pursue her personal interests. Problem statement The candidate has been presented with five job offers. She is unable to decide which is best for her. Goal statement Selecting the right job offer which helps to satisfy the financial, professional and personal expectations of Claire. Background In real life situations, it sometimes become very difficult to decide which options to choose from when there are many criteria for deciding upon an option. MCDA techniques help us in deciding the best possible option in a scientific and methodological way. MCDA has a number of techniques to help in zeroing on an alternative and they all follow â€Å"similar steps of organization and decision matrix construction† (Linkov et al. 2006). However, each differs in the way it an alyses the data. Some of the commonly used approaches are MAUT (Multi-Attribute Utility Theory), MAVT (Multi-Attribute Value Theory, AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and Outranking. The first three approaches are grouped under optimization approaches. For example, MAUT tries to provide a numerical criterion to evaluate the various alternatives. It gives scores to the various criteria to show the merits of each. The final scores can be seen by summing up the individual scores. Similarly, AHP tries to judge alternatives based on their scores and chooses the one with the highest score. It compares pairs. Outranking is a technique assumes that one alternative has more dominance over the other (Linkov et al. 2006). This technique does not assume that one alternative can be identified. It compares two or more alternatives at a time and tries to find out the â€Å"extent to which one can be preferred over the other† (Linkov et al. 2006). This method looks at favoring an alternativ e that performs best on maximum number of criteria. Thus, the weaknesses that one criterion has are compensated by the advantages that are there in the other criteria. Main criteria for selecting the job After a discussion with Claire and the project team, following criteria were identified which would impact her, the most (in order of importance, first one being the most important) once she decides on a particular offer: 1. Financial –

Introduction Globalization And Expatriation Management Essay

Introduction Globalization And Expatriation Management Essay Literature review is a summary of past paper that conducted by the previous researchers and explanation about the terms involve during this study. It aims on the critical points of current knowledge on a particular topic. This chapter is important because it can be a guideline on how the study can be done. Simon Reich states that, globalization constitutes a multiplicity of linkages and interconnections that transcend the nation states (and by implication the societies) which make up the modern world system. It defines a process through which events, decisions and activities in one part of the world can come to have a significant consequence for individuals and communities in quite distant parts of the globe. According Laurence E. Rothenberg, globalization is the acceleration and intensification of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations. According to Farhad Nezhad Haj Ali Irani globalization typically refers to the process by which different economies and societies become more closely integrated, and concurrent with increasing worldwide globalization, there has been much research into its consequences According to Britannica Concise Encyclopedia, globalization is a process by which the experience of everyday life, marked by the diffusion of commodities and ideas, is becoming standardized around the world. Factors that have contributed to globalization include increasingly sophisticated communications and transportation technologies and services, mass migration and the movement of peoples, a level of economic activity that has outgrown national markets through industrial combinations and commercial groupings that cross national frontiers and international agreements that reduce the cost of doing business in foreign countries. Defined broadly, globalization is the process of integrating nations and peoples-politically, economically, and culturally-into a larger community (Gale Encyclopedia of US Foreign Policy). With business becoming increasingly global, employees with international experience have become an increasing important issue for multinational corporations (Hyder and LÃ ¶ vblad, 2007). We live in a world in which barriers to cross border trade and investment are declining. Transportation and telecommunication technologies are constantly making the world feel smaller. Material culture seems similar the world over; and national economies are merging into an interdependent, integrated and global economic system. Globalization is the reason for this incredible shift (Hills, 2007). It is a process that describes the integration of the world community into a common social or economic community. In laymans terms, globalization means the free flow of goods and services across borders (Joanne Claire Miranda, 2009). Globalization has resulted not just in goods and services travelling across borders. It has also resulted in people moving across borders for better employment opportunities and thus better wages (Joanne Claire Miranda, 2009). Due to that, it gives positive and negative effects. Positively, people move easily to benefit from their skills and experience. Firms are able to enter new market. Negatively, however, as firms enter these new industries or markets, they lack the skills and expertise required for that industry and they face not only the challenge of sourcing for the right candidate but also there is no guarantee that there would be continuity of service by the skilled staff. The right candidate should be able to work in the present environment as well as be able to teach the team members. If this is not managed properly, it may well become firms biggest obstacle. In order for these companies to have the competitive edge in this global marketplace, they need to have the right p erson at the right posting (Hills, 2007). The effects of globalization have resulted in the number of expatriates rising in the developing countries including Malaysia. When Aida and Maimunah did their study on Cross Cultural Challenges and Adjustment among Expatriates in Malaysia, 1999 (Aida and Maimunah, 2007) the number of expatriates they reported was 21,859, a figure they obtained from the Immigration Statistics. In October 2007, the immigration record showed the total number of expatriates in Malaysia is at 35, 583. Expatriation in Malaysia is not a new phenomenon. The country has gone through three waves or phases of incoming expatriates. The first group of expatriates that came to Malaysia is the Britons. They were found in private sector and big organizations such as Shell, ICI, Dunlop, Guthries, Harrison and Crosfield and British Petroleum. Other than that, in the government sector, the expatriates are mainly posted as advisors, diplomats, academics and technical specialists. The second phase of expatriates came from United States of America and other European countries whom were assigned in large multinationals such as, Phillips, Siemens, Volvo, Nestle and Esso. Finally, the third wave of expatriates came to Malaysia which were mainly represented by the Asian group of managers mainly from Japan, Taiwan and Korea along with some other European and American expatriates. This third wave resulted from the Look East policy by the Government in 1980s as well as due to closer relations with Austra lia and the Newly Industrialized Countries in Asia specifically, along with the high growth of electronics industry in Malaysia. (Aida and Maimunah, 2000) 2.2 Expatriation Cycle 2.1.1 Pre-departure The pre-departure phase involved effective selection and preparation of expatriate. Most often expatriates are selected from within the corporation. The rationale is that current managers possess the technical expertise and they are more in sync with the companys culture. (Maali H. Ashamalla, 1998) According to Luftans and Doh, making an effective selection decision for an overseas assignment can prove to be a major problem. Typically, this decision is based on international selection criteria which are factors used to choose international characters. Those criteria are:- a) Adaptability to cultural change Overseas managers must be able to adapt to change. They also need the degree of cultural toughness. Research shows that many managers exhilarated at the beginning of their assignment. After a few months, however, a form of culture shock creeps in. b) Physical and emotional health Most organizations require that their overseas managers have good physical and emotional health. The psychological ability of individuals to with-stand culture shock also would be considered as would the current marital status as it affects the individuals ability to cope in a foreign environment. c) Age, experience and education There is evidence that younger managers are more eager for international assignments because they tend to be more worldly and have a greater appreciation of other cultures than older managers do. On top of that, many companies consider an academic degree, preferably a graduate degree to be of critical importance to an international executive. d) Language training Language can be a very critical factor and international experts have referred to it as a most effective indirect method of learning about a country. e) Motivation for foreign assignment Although individuals being sent overseas should have a desire to work abroad, this is usually is not sufficient motivation. Experts believe that candidate also must believe in the importance of the job. Other than that, applicants who are unhappy with their current situation, desire for adventure or a pioneering spirit, desire to increase ones chance for promotion and the opportunity to improve ones economic status are also viewed as great motivators. f) Spouses and dependents or work-family issues Experts believe that if the family is not happy, the manager often performs poorly and may either be terminated or simply decide to leave the organization. However, according to Maali H, Ashamalia, qualities that are looked for are:- a) Cultural empathy The ability to appreciate and respect beliefs, values, behaviors and business practices of individuals and groups from other culture. b) Awareness of environment constraint In a foreign country, an expatriate is faced with unfamiliar sets of environmental forces that can be very different from those of the home country. Ability to identify forces and function within their constraints becomes instrumental to the expatriates for effective decision making. c) Interpersonal skills These skills involve effective verbal and non-verbal communications, the capacity to build trust and the ability to utilize referent power in managing within a foreign environment. It also involved the understanding of differences in value orientations such as in the power distance orientation identified by Hofstede. d) Managerial and Decision Making abilities It is highly required particularly when a manager is operating under conditions of isolation or physical distances from the centre of decision making in the home office. These competencies are also necessary in situations where expatriates have full autonomy in their foreign positions. e) Other crucial qualities Foreign language proficiency, flexibility, adaptability, entrepreneurship, self-motivation, tolerance for ambiguity, and sensitivity to world events and their impact on long-range perspectives of the business are considered as crucial qualities for expatriates selection. Other than that, Ashamalla also argued that a rigorous selection program should also include the utilization of appropriate selection devices, consideration of the candidates self-evaluation, time devoted for the selection process where it must be adequate and strategic evaluation of the overseas operations on a frequent basis. The selection plan should also include the expatriate family. In addition, intensity of intercultural relation, pre-departure preparation, cultural training, multicultural personality, and technical competent and socio cultural knowledge is vital in order to determine expatriate, spouse and family adjustment effectiveness (Awang-Rozaimie, 2011) 2.1.2 During Assignment Support during the assignment is believed to be essential for moral and psychological sustenance as well as for performance effectiveness of international managers. Superiors and HR professionals in the home office need to give adequate consideration to the importance of keeping in close touch with their expatriates and providing them and their families with the needed support. A major source of concern for the manager while abroad is the loss of visibility to those in the home office. Sense of isolation from the domestic realities of the firm and feelings of being away for the corporate centers of the power are other sources of concern for managers while on overseas assignments. During assignment, support may involve a wide range of formal and informal activities. (Maali H. Ashamalla, 1998) On the other hands, the Brookfields Global Relocation Trends Survey 2010 indicated that, six percent of international assignments fail. Therefore, it is essential for expatriates to understand specific psychological traits of Malaysian that contributed to their business performance. Primarily, cultural competency support expatriates psychological well-being and socio cultural adaptabilities (Awang- Rozaimie, 2011) However, adapting to the new environment takes several months. A model developed by Oberg (1960) describes expatriate adaptation as a four-phases process. These phases are honeymoon, culture shock, recovery and adjustment. Going through these phases in the long run results into successful adaptation in the new environment (Teodora G. Nikolaeva, 2010) Table 1: Obergs phases of adaptation a) Honeymoon The first phase of this process is the so called honeymoon phase (Oberg, 1960). This stage usually lasts from several days to several weeks and is characterized by the positive attitude of the expatriates about the host country, its culture and everything new they are meeting. In this stage the employees feel more like tourists than expatriates. They are excited by the new and are really enthusiastic about their job. The expatriates are intrigued and curious about everything that is different from what they are used to and at the same time amazed by cultural similarities. All of this is a result of the pleasant conditions the expatriates are offered upon their arrival. They stay in luxurious hotels where they communicate with compatriots or natives who speak their language or perhaps they have even been appointed a translator; They are busy with being shown the sights of the town, finding an accommodation, school for the children if they are accompanied by their families, and depending on the significance of the international assignment they can e ven be giving press interviews (Oberg, 1960). b) Culture Shock As previously mentioned the honeymoon stage lasts from several days to several weeks. After this period is over, the expatriates get hit by the new culture and everything they have found amusing until now starts being irritating which results in culture shock (Oberg 1960). Oberg (1960) defines this phenomenon as the occupational disease the expatriates experience because of the constant interaction with the new environment and the different situations the host country offers: Culture shock is precipitated by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbols of social intercourse. These signs or cues include the thousand and one ways in which we orient ourselves to the situations of daily life: when to shake hands and what to say when we meet people, when and how to give tips, how to give orders to servants, how to make purchases, when to accept and when to refuse invitations, when to take statements seriously and when not. Now these cues which may be words, gestures, facial expressions, customs, or norms are acquired by all of us in the course of growing up and are as much a part of our culture as the language we speak or the beliefs we accept. All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, most of which we do not carry on the level of conscious awareness. All expatriates can be affected by culture shock, but the degree to which they suffer depends from the host country and its specific cultural characteristics, the personality of the employees and how effective they are in doing their job, their attitude towards the people from the host country and vice versa, and the significance of the international assignment Depending on these factors, culture shock can result into confusion about ones actions, anxiety, frustration, exhilaration, actions that do not suit the norms of behavior, inability to do ones job and thus not being able to sign an important deal, isolation and depression (Teodora G. Nikolaeva, 2010). c) Recovery In the recovery stage the individuals start dealing with their emotions and create a positive attitude towards the surrounding people and environment of the host country (Oberg 1960). As previously mentioned, learning the language is a beneficial factor in understanding the foreign culture. If the expatriates have gained some knowledge of the language, they are able to communicate with their colleagues and instead of criticizing them they start making jokes of them and even start being sarcastic about their dire straits. In addition to that, the employees accept that they have some problems and start asking for help from their coworkers and gradually reaching the last phase of their adaptation (Oberg 1960). d) Adjustment The final phase of the adaptation model is adjustment. At this point all the six aspects of the culture shock are gone and the expatriates are able to perform their job in the most effective way. This is due to the fact that they start accepting and adapting to the new environment. The food, the drinks, the people and the customs that used to be perceived as foreign are now seen as delightful and enjoyable; The individuals become so accustomed to the country and the people so when the assignment is over and they return home, they start missing all that which at some point of their stay was irritating and even disgusting (Oberg, 1960). 2.1.3 Repatriation Luftans and Doh defined repatriation as the return to ones home country from an overseas management assignment. The most common reason for expatriation is that the duty is over. However, other reasons might be expatriates want their children educated in a home-country school, they are not happy with their overseas assignment and failure to do a good job. Ashamalla argued that there is evidence that indicate repatriation is not simple and that a repatriate manager may experience professional as well as personal re-entry problems. 2.3 Factors contribute to challenges faced by expatriates There are many factors that could be the reason of the challenges faced by the expatriate. These factors are realized through the flow of expatriation cycle. 2.3.1 Selection does not based on IHRM guidelines. According to Bonache, Brewster and Suutari, decisions on expatriate selection are usually made in a less than organized and coherent manner, and often take by line managers who simply ignore the laid-down criteria espoused by the HR department. They prefer to draw from a restricted pool of candidates about whom they feel confident; often people like themselves or those among that group who are readily available or have shown some interest in an international element to their career. 2.3.2 Accepting international assignment for the wrong reasons. Some expatriates were thinking of moving abroad in an effort to leave behind the accumulation of frustration, misery or boredom in the current life. Others might accept the international assignment due to their own expectation and assumption based on the experience they had when visiting to that country for a holiday. Due to that, they will face difficulties when reality or the situation does not meet their expectation. 2.3.3 Inability to adapt Cultural surprises, shock, discomfort, difficulties, stress and incompetence occurred due to inconsistent expectation and inability to acquire appropriate cultural knowledge and skills of host culture. Incompetence or disability of expatriates to adapt and adjust their cultural mindset caused early return, incomplete assignment goal and put additional cost to organization for replacement of new personnel. 2.3.4 Family issues It is generally the trailing spouse who suffers the greatest culture shock in the new country. The result can be an unhappy spouse who does her best to impair the performance of the expatriate manager. Most expatriate managers are challenged and excited to be in their new postings. They need to spend a lot of time at work since they are under pressure to adapt to the new culture and their overall responsibilities are often larger than they have experienced before. As a result, the wives of expatriates spend a lot of time by themselves and are cut-off from their own family and friends. At the same time, the wife is usually dealing with problems for which she has no previous experience. Therefore, the challenges expatriates faced during expatriation could be precipitate from the pressure from home 2.3.5 The location of the assignment The location of the international assignment can determine the challenges faced by expatriate. Commonly, expatriates come from well developed countries; due to globalization and the demand of global market, developing countries, mostly from South East Asia, have a high demand for expatriate. The differences between the culture of the expatriates home country and expatriation location will present cross cultural challenges to expatriates. 2.4 Challenges Commonly Faced by Expatriates Pre Departure 2.4.1 Preparation for departure doesnt seem enough. Due to the fact that management chose the candidate for expatriation based on their preference with disregard of IHRM guidelines, it does not only affect the staff but the family member as well. Firstly, the spouse usually questions whether the decision to move abroad is really the best decision for them. On Assignment 2.4.2 Communication and language barriers They are expected to master the local language and culture, especially because more and more local workers may have the competitive advantage of local knowledge and connections, as well as strong English skills acquired while studying abroad. Other than that, expatriate faced difficulty in communication within the first few weeks and to some, it took several months to adjust. 2.4.3 Adjusting to the local working culture Every country has different working culture. Therefore, expatriates might find it challenging to understand how things work in the office in a manner where they are trying to understand the administrative and bureaucratic arrangements. Most of the expatriates came from highly industrialized nations whereby people are used to living in the fast lane and having more established and efficient services. Since the previous working trend differs from the working style they are currently in, it posed as a challenge for most expatriates. 2.4.4 High level of bureaucracy People at the high management level of their hierarchical positions acquire strong control over the issues at the workplace. Therefore, it affects the flow of work among the locals and the expatriates. Decision making processes and duration of task completion took longer than expected. This was a challenge that expatriates encountered which required some skills of cross cultural negotiations to adjust and to overcome any related problems arise. Generally, the locals working habit seemed to collide with the expatriates working habits. Since most of expatriates were come from well-developed nation, their working pace is faster and planning becomes more efficient. Thus, when the new environment is working in much slower pace, it could become a conflict between the expatriates and locals. 2.4.5 Adaptability to new environment Expatriates and family often find it challenging to adjust with the routines. Trailing spouse might have problem in term of creating a home in rented accommodation with limited personal belongings and often find herself home alone whilst the partner departs on the business trip in as many weeks. This will cause the exhaustion the working partner as they try to balance work and home demands. The challenge of creating a meaningful life for the non-working partner which often involves overcoming a sense of having lost all personal identity which comes with losing the normal social, familial and work based cues. This will lead to homesickness and loneliness where they may long for the familiar and comfortable. Other than that, the children might have problem adjusting with school environment and new education system. Beside individual struggle, parental challenge such as providing a stable home environment for children, finding appropriate healthcare when it is needed and finding the app ropriate and suitable school for children are occurring as well. Repatriation 2.4.6 Lack of value placed on their international experiences. It appears that many global firms do not assign much value to the international experience. Therefore, expatriates expectation to career advancement are not usually realized. Many Western countries are placing increasing emphasis on standards and qualifications, credentials, and professionalization of careers. Individuals who have been working abroad may find themselves left behind and no longer even qualified for the level of work they had done prior to departure. 2.4.7 Re-establishing a professional network can also be challenging. Due to inadequate communication during the overseas assignment, an expatriate loses touch with changes that take place in the corporation. An expatriate might return to find that the company has changed beyond recognition and this will lead to career disaster. Even those professional colleagues who stayed in touch through an expatriates years abroad, may not feel comfortable speaking to the repatriates level of qualifications, especially if they havent formed a clear picture of the day- to-day responsibilities handled in the international workplace. 2.4.8 The expatriate and family members may also experience reverse culture shock. Many repatriates are not prepared for the culture shock that they experience upon returning home. Although culture shock is a challenge anticipated by most immigrants and expatriates as they prepare to move abroad, it can catch repatriates off guard. Many have struggled with adjusting to the weather, food, lifestyle, and even basic domestic chores and driving; especially if returning from a country where the norm was to hire domestic help. Repatriates may also find local biases offensive, particularly if targeted at a culture or group with which they have become quite familiar and which they have grown to appreciate.